1. Immunology and Inflammation
  2. Neuroscience

MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis

  1. Em P Harrington  Is a corresponding author
  2. Riley B Catenacci
  3. Matthew D Smith
  4. Dongeun Heo
  5. Cecilia E Miller
  6. Keya R Meyers
  7. Jenna Glatzer
  8. Dwight E Bergles
  9. Peter A Calabresi
  1. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
  2. The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States
  3. Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, United States
  4. The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, United States
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82938
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Cite this article
  1. Em P Harrington
  2. Riley B Catenacci
  3. Matthew D Smith
  4. Dongeun Heo
  5. Cecilia E Miller
  6. Keya R Meyers
  7. Jenna Glatzer
  8. Dwight E Bergles
  9. Peter A Calabresi
(2023)
MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis
eLife 12:e82938.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82938
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Abstract

Oligodendrocytes and their progenitors upregulate MHC pathways in response to inflammation, but the frequency of this phenotypic change is unknown and the features of these immune oligodendroglia are poorly defined. We generated MHC class I and II transgenic reporter mice to define their dynamics in response to inflammatory demyelination, providing a means to monitor MHC activation in diverse cell types in living mice and define their roles in aging, injury, and disease.

Editor's evaluation

This study reports an important new resource, MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice, which provide a means to monitor MHC activation in vivo. The authors use these mice to study inflammatory demyelination in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis. The study provides a compelling demonstration of the new reporter lines as valuable tools for the analysis of inflammation and neurodegeneration.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82938.sa0

eLife digest

Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by a layer of insulation called myelin that allows cells to transmit messages to each other more quickly and efficiently. This protective sheath is produced by cells called oligodendrocytes which together with their immature counterparts can also repair damage caused to myelin.

In the inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), this insulation is disrupted and oligodendroglia fail to repair breaks in the myelin sheath, leaving nerves vulnerable to further damage. Recently it was discovered that mature and immature oligodendrocytes (which are collectively known as oligodendroglia) sometimes express proteins normally restricted to the immune system called major histocompatibility complexes (or MHCs for short). Researchers believe that MHC expression may allow oligodendroglia to interact with immune cells, potentially leading to the removal of oligodendroglia by the immune system as well as inflammation that exacerbates damage to nerves and hinders myelin repair.

Knowing when oligodendroglia start producing MHCs and where these MHC-expressing cells are located is therefore important for understanding their role in MS. However, it is difficult to identify the location of MHC-expressing oligodendroglia using methods that are currently available. To address this, Harrington, Catenacci et al. created a genetically engineered mouse model in which the MHC-expressing oligodendroglia also generated a red fluorescent protein that could be detected under a microscope. This revealed that only a small number of oligodendroglia in the nervous system had MHCs, but these cells were located in areas of the brain and spinal cord with the highest inflammatory activity.

Further microscopy studies in mice that developed MS-like symptoms revealed that MHC production in oligodendroglia increased compared with healthy animals, and that the proportion of oligodendroglia that produced MHC was highest in mice with the most severe symptoms. MHC-expressing oligodendroglia also congregated in the most damaged areas of the brain and spinal cord.

These results suggest that MHC expression may contribute to inflammation and impact the function of oligodendroglia that have these molecules. In the future, Harrington et al. hope that their new mouse model will help researchers study the role of MHC expression in different diseases, and in the case of MS, aid the development of new treatments.

Introduction

Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing has revealed that some oligodendroglia in both mouse inflammatory models (Falcão et al., 2018; Meijer et al., 2022) and human multiple sclerosis (MS) (Schirmer et al., 2019; Jäkel et al., 2019; Absinta et al., 2021) express transcripts associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen presenting and processing pathways. These immune oligodendrocyte precursor cells (iOPCs) and oligodendrocytes (iOLs) have been detected in Alzheimer’s disease (Lau et al., 2020) and viral infection models (Pan et al., 2020; Malone et al., 2008; Phares et al., 2009), and can be induced by exposure to interferon-γ (IFN-γ), suggesting that some oligodendroglia undergo this distinct phenotypic change in response to inflammation. The role of these immune oligodendroglia is unknown (Harrington et al., 2020), but their presence raises the possibility that oligodendroglia may present antigens to T cells, be subject to cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated death (Kirby et al., 2019) and perpetuate the immune response through release of cytokines and interactions with CD4 T cells. This oligodendroglial death or inflammation could contribute to impaired remyelination seen in MS and other progressive diseases (Lubetzki et al., 2020; Mahad et al., 2015; Lassmann et al., 2012). Further exploration of the spatial and temporal dynamics of iOPCs/iOLs have been limited by their relative rarity and our inability to identify which cells have transformed in living tissue. To enable detection of which cells upregulate MHC pathways in vivo, we generated two novel MHC I and MHC II reporter mouse lines that express tdTomato when these pathways are activated, and used these lines to define their incidence and transcriptional characteristics in two mouse models of inflammatory demyelination.

Results

MHC reporter mice are a reliable readout of MHC protein expression

MHC class II chaperone invariant chain (Cd74 or Ii) and MHC class I component beta-2-microglobulin (B2m) are required components of the antigen processing/presentation machinery that are expressed by a subset of oligodendroglia in mouse inflammatory models (Falcão et al., 2018) and human MS brain (Schirmer et al., 2019; Jäkel et al., 2019). We chose to target B2m and Cd74 genes for the generation of MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice, respectively, as both of these transcripts are upregulated in oligodendroglia in response to IFN-γ treatment (Kirby et al., 2019), and both transcripts are present in inflammatory oligodendroglia in mouse inflammatory models (Falcão et al., 2018) and human MS tissue (Schirmer et al., 2019; Jäkel et al., 2019). To facilitate identification of these cells, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to replace the stop codon of these genes with a P2A-TdTomato-WPRE-pA sequence (Figure 1A-C), generating B2m-tdTomato (B2mtdT) and Cd74-tdTomato (Cd74tdT) reporter mice in which 2A cleaving self-peptide facilitates cleavage of tdTomato from the endogenous protein without disrupting expression of the endogenous genes (Figure 1—figure supplement 1) or antigen presentation (Figure 1—figure supplement 2).

Figure 1 with 2 supplements see all
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter mice validation.

(A) Stop codons of Cd74 and B2m are replaced by P2A-TdTomato-WPRE-pA construct to generate Cd74tdT and B2mtdT reporter mice, respectively. Figure made in https://www.biorender.com/. (B) Genotyping of reporter mice with primers (indicated by arrows in panel A) spanning reporter construct insertion site. (C) Representative histogram of flow cytometry of endogenous tdT expression in peripheral blood CD45+ cells for phenotyping reporter and wild-type mice. (D) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of endogenous tdT expression in B2mtdT splenic cell populations. n=3 mice. (E) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of B2m co-expression in tdT-positive CD3+ T cells in B2mtdT spleen with representative histogram of B2m expression with and without B2m antibody. n=3 mice. (F) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of endogenous tdT expression in Cd74tdT splenic cell populations. n=3 mice. (G) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of Cd74 co-expression in tdT-positive splenic cell populations in Cd74tdT spleen with representative histogram of tdT-positive CD19+ B cells stained with and without CD74. n=3 mice. (H) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of I/A-I/E co-expression with tdT-positive splenic cell populations in Cd74tdT spleen with representative histogram of tdT and I-A/I-E expression in monocytes with tdT-intermediate I-A/I-E-negative population outlined. n=3 mice. (I) Immunopanned B2mtdT post-natal pup glial culture with representative images of tdT expression in Olig2+ oligodendroglia with and without interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment. Scale bars, 50 µm. (J) Immunopanned Cd74tdT post-natal pup glial culture with representative images of tdT expression in Olig2+ oligodendroglia with and without IFN-γ treatment. Scale bars, 50 µm. (K) Representative images of tdT expression in Olig2+ oligodendroglia, GFAP+ astrocytes, and Iba1+ microglia in Cd74tdT glial culture with IFN-γ treatment. Scale bars, 20 µm. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.

Figure 1—source data 1

Generation of Cd74tdT and B2mtdT reporter animals.

Cd74-P2A-TdTomato-WPRE-pA and B2m-P2A-TdTomato-WPRE-pA construct sequences with 500 bp homology arms (uppercase sequence) used for generating reporter animals. Primers for genotyping B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter animals.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig1-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 1—source data 2

Data from analysis of flow cytometry, sheets are labeled with letter corresponding to data panels in Figure 1.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig1-data2-v2.xlsx
Figure 1—source data 3

Representative gating strategy from flow cytometry depicted in Figure 1.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig1-data3-v2.pdf
Figure 1—source data 4

Original gel image files of PCR genotyping for transgenic reporter founder animals for Figure 1B.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig1-data4-v2.zip

To determine if these transgenes accurately report transcriptional activation of MHC components, we examined splenic immune cells known to express MHC class I and II. In B2mtdT reporter mice, tdT was ubiquitously expressed in all immune cells analyzed in the spleen (Figure 1D) and tdT fluorescent cells were immunoreactive to B2m (Figure 1E). In Cd74tdT reporter mice, tdT expression was highest in professional antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and B cells (Figure 1F) and tdT fluorescent cells were immunoreactive to CD74 (Figure 1G). Independent of MHC class II, Cd74 has diverse roles in cell survival, migration and MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) cytokine signaling (Su et al., 2017; Schröder, 2016). Thus, we determined the relationship between tdT and MHC class II expression using I-A/I-E MHC antibodies. I-A/I-E co-expression with tdT was highest in dendritic cells and B cells (Figure 1H) and monocytes that exhibited intermediate tdT fluorescence were also negative or weakly immunoreactive for I-A/I-E expression (Figure 1H), indicating that the level of tdT expression correlates well with MHC class II receptor expression.

To determine whether reporter expression is induced in glial cells, immunopanned reporter expressing glial cells were cultured with and without IFN-γ, as we have previously shown that IFN-γ is sufficient to induce MHC class I and II expression in oligodendroglia in vitro (Kirby et al., 2019). Consistent with this observation, IFN-γ increased tdT expression in Olig2 immunoreactive (+) cells in OPC enriched cultures (Fancy et al., 2011) from both B2mtdT and Cd74tdT (Figure 1I–J). In Cd74tdT glial cultures treated with IFN-γ, tdT expression was also found in Iba1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes (Figure 1K).

To characterize the adult central nervous system (CNS) baseline MHC expression, we evaluated the brain, spinal cord, and retinal tissues of adult Cd74tdT and B2mtdT reporter mice. In Cd74tdT mice, tdT expression was most prevalent in the meninges and choroid plexus (Figure 2A–D), but was also observed within some microglia in the ventral brain (Figure 2B and E). tdT expression co-localized with I-A/I-E (Figure 2A–C) and Cd74 (Figure 2C) expression in the meninges and choroid plexus. In the CNS of B2mtdT mice, tdT expression was prominent in endothelial cells and microglia throughout the brain, spinal cord, and retina (Figure 3A–G). In addition, some neurons in the cerebellum, septum, hippocampus, and cortex expressed tdT (Figure 3H–L). Within the corpus callosum and cortex, in addition to microglial and endothelial cell expression, there was diffuse parenchymal expression of tdT (Figure 3A–C), possibly arising from projections of tdT+ neurons. Expression of MHC class I by these neurons may allow them to present antigen and render them more prone to death in inflammatory conditions.

Figure 2
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Cd74tdT reporter adult baseline central nervous system (CNS) tdT expression.

(A) Representative images of Cd74tdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in adult spinal cord stained for I-A/I-E. Scale bars, 200 µm. (B) Representative images of Cd74tdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in adult brain stained for I-A/I-E. Scale bars, 1 mm. (C) Confocal images of adult brain choroid plexus endogenous tdT stained with Cd74 and I-A/I-E antibodies. Scale bars, 20 µm. (D) Confocal images of choroid plexus endogenous tdT on CD11c+ dendritic cells. Scale bars, 20 µm. (E) tdT expression on subset of Iba1+ microglia in ventral pallidum (magnification of box in B). Scale bars, 50 µm. Cd74tdT adult CNS reporter expression n=6 adult mice.

Figure 3
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B2mtdT reporter baseline central nervous system (CNS) TdT expression.

(A) Representative images of B2mtdT endogenous tdT reporter adult expression in adult brain. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B) Co-localization of tdT in B2mtdT corpus callosum with Iba1+ microglia and CD31+ endothelial cells. Scale bars, 200 µm. (C) Co-localization of tdT with Iba1 in B2mtdT cortex. Scale bar, 200 um. (D) B2mtdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in adult spinal cord. Scale bar, 200 µm. (E) Confocal imaging of corpus callosum, striatum, and spinal cord endogenous tdT expression on CD31+ endothelial cells. Scale bars, 20 µm. (F) Confocal imaging of corpus callosum, striatum, and spinal cord endogenous tdT expression on Iba1+ microglia with tdT+Iba1+ cell bodies indicated with arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (G) Flat mount adult B2mtdT retina with TdT expression on CD31+ endothelial cells and Iba1+ microglia. Scale bars, 20 µm. (H) B2mtdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in sagittal brain and coronal brain stained with NeuN (boxes indicate regions of interest confocal imaging in panels I–L). Scale bars, 1 mm. (I) Confocal imaging of endogenous tdT+ parvalbumin PV+ neurons, indicated by arrows, in cerebellar molecular layer. Scale bars, 20 µm. (J) Confocal imaging of septal nucleus with scattered tdT+NeuN+ neurons indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (K) Confocal imaging of hippocampal dentate gyrus tdT+NeuN+ neurons. Scale bars, 20 µm. (L) Confocal imaging of cortex layer II/III tdT+NeuN+ neurons. Scale bars, 20 µm. B2mtdT adult CNS reporter expression n=6 adult mice.

MHC reporter expression is induced in EAE

To evaluate CNS activation of MHC pathways in distinct cell types under inflammatory conditions, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) by MOG35-55 peptide immunization. Reporter mice subjected to MOG35-55 EAE were sacrificed with EAE presentation ranging from pre-clinical (score 0), tail and hindlimb weakness (score 1–2.5) to complete hindlimb paralysis (score 3–4). With increasing EAE clinical score, there was a concomitant increase in tdT expression in spinal cord lesion areas in both B2mtdT (Figure 4A) and Cd74tdT animals (Figure 4B). tdT was also present in EAE ventral brain meningeal cell clusters and corpus callosum cell clusters in Cd74tdT and B2mtdT animals (Figure 5A–F). tdT was expressed in both infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia in B2mtdT and Cd74tdT EAE brain (Figure 5G).

Figure 4
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B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter expression in MOG35-55 peptide immunized experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) spinal cord.

(A) B2mtdT reporter MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord stained with Iba1. tdT expression is present in the vasculature and Iba1+ microglia in pre-clinical score 0 animals and more notable parenchymal expression within EAE lesions indicated by DAPI hypercellularity and Iba1 cell clusters. Scale bars, 200 µm. (B) Cd74tdT reporter MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord stained with Iba1. tdT expression is restricted to the meninges in pre-clinical score 0 mice and with increasing EAE clinical score is prominent within EAE lesions. Scale bars, 200 µm.

Figure 5
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B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter expression in MOG35-55 peptide immunized experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain.

(A) Representative images of Cd74tdT MOG35-55 EAE brain with clinical scores >2 demonstrating parenchymal and meningeal tdT expression. Scale bars, 500 µm. (B) Cd74tdT EAE ventral brain meningeal cluster of tdT-positive cells. Scale bar, 200 µm. (C) Cd74tdT EAE corpus callosum with notable tdT+ infiltrate and tdT parenchymal expression. (D) Representative images of B2mtdT MOG35-55 EAE brain with meningeal tdT expression and corpus callosum tdT expression. Scale bars, 500 µm. (E) B2mtdT EAE ventral brain meningeal cluster of tdT-positive cells. Scale bar, 200 µm. (F) B2mtdT EAE corpus callosum with notable tdT+ infiltrate. (G) Cd74tdT and B2mtdT EAE brain with tdT+ microglia (Iba1+TMEM119+ indicated by arrows) and tdT+ infiltrating myeloid cells (Iba1+TMEM119- indicated by asterisks). Scale bars 20 µm.

When analyzed by flow cytometry, infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia exhibited tdT expression in the brain and spinal cord of Cd74tdT mice with EAE (Figure 6A and B) and both the proportion of myeloid cells and microglia that expressed tdT (Figure 6A), and the level of tdT expression by these cells (Figure 6B), were higher in co-stimulatory molecule expressing cells compared to non-co-stimulatory molecule expressing cells. In B2mtdT mouse brain, the percentage of tdT expressing microglia was not significantly different between M1 or M2 microglia, defined by CD86 and CD206 expression, respectively (Jurga et al., 2020; Figure 6C and D); however, M1 microglia had significantly higher tdT fluorescence compared to M2 and M1-2 microglia (Figure 5E). Together, this analysis highlights the ability of these reporter mice to reliably identify endogenous and infiltrating cells that upregulate MHC pathways.

Figure 6
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Co-stimulatory molecule expression in myeloid and microglial cells in MOG35-55 peak experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE).

(A) Quantification of percentage of tdT expression in co-stimulatory molecule positive (CD40+CD86+) compared to co-stimulatory molecule negative (CD40-CD86-) infiltrating myeloid cells (CD45+CD11b+Clec12a+) and microglia (CD45+CD11b+Clec12a-) in Cd74tdT MOG35-55 EAE by flow cytometry. n=3 mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (B) Quantification of tdT mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in tdT+ co-stimulatory positive and negative infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia in Cd74tdT MOG35-55 EAE by flow cytometry. n=3 mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (C) Representative gating strategy for M2 (CD86-CD206+), M1 (CD86+CD206-), and M1-2 microglia (CD86+CD206+). (D) Quantification of percentage of tdT expression in M1, M2, and M1-2 microglia in B2mtdT baseline and EAE brain by flow cytometry. n=3 mice/group. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (E) Quantification of tdT MFI of M1, M2, and M1-2 microglia in B2mtdT baseline and EAE brain. n=3, mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.

Figure 6—source data 1

Data from analysis of flow cytometry, sheets are labeled with letter corresponding to data panels in Figure 6.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig6-data1-v2.xlsx
Figure 6—source data 2

Representative gating strategy from flow cytometry depicted in Figure 6.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig6-data2-v2.pdf

MHC reporter positive immune oligodendroglia correlate with degree of inflammation

To determine whether oligodendroglia express MHC reporters in the setting of inflammation, MOG35-55 immunized brain and spinal cord were analyzed from non-immunized baseline, pre-clinical EAE score 0 (8 days post-immunization [dpi]), and early to peak EAE (8–17 dpi) with a range of EAE clinical scores from 1.5 to 3.5. In both B2mtdT and Cd74tdT MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord, Olig2+ oligodendroglia were found to express tdT within EAE lesions (Figure 7A). To quantify oligodendroglial tdT expression, four spinal cord regions (dorsal horn, lateral white matter, dorsal white matter, and central cord) were quantified for Olig2 and endogenous tdT expression in EAE lumbar spinal cord sections (Figure 7B and C). The number of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia was significantly higher in clinically symptomatic compared to pre-symptomatic score 0 animals (Figure 7D) in both B2mtdT (pre: 1.0 ± 0.2%, n=4; post: 6.3 ± 1.8%, n=9, p=0.0056 unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test) and Cd74tdT spinal cord (pre: 0.02 ± 0.01%, n=3; post: 0.6 ± 0.2%, n=10, p=0.0070 unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test).

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Oligodendroglial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter expression in MOG35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) spinal cord.

(A) Representative confocal imaging of tdT-positive oligodendroglia in MOG35-55 EAE B2mtdT and Cd74tdT spinal cord lesions. Endogenous tdT-positive oligodendroglia indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (B) Representative images of B2mtdT and Cd74tdT MOG35-55 spinal cord whole cord and outlined region of interest (ROI) used for analysis of tdT+ oligodendroglia. Scale bars, 200 µm. (C) Diagram of seven ROIs imaged in lumbar spinal cord sections from baseline and EAE spinal cord. Figure made in https://www.biorender.com/. (D) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT and Cd74tdT spinal cord. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions analyzed. n=3–4 mice baseline and score 0, n=9–10 EAE score >0. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (E) Representative confocal imaging of lesion and non-lesion ROIs from the same reporter EAE animal with tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (F) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in lesion compared to non-lesion areas in MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord. Data points are an individual animal mean across ROIs with lesions determined by DAPI hypercellularity compared to ROIs without lesions. n=8–9 mice/reporter, paired Wilcoxon t-test. (G) Linear regression of CD45 density on whole spinal cord section compared to percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in whole spinal cord section in MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord. Data points are an individual spinal cord sections. n=3–4 sections/mouse, 3 mice/reporter. (H) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to all region mean tdT mean fluorescent intensity in MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord. n=13 mice/reporter. Data points are individual animals. (I) Representative confocal imaging of adult B2mtdT spinal cord at baseline with endogenous tdT co-localization with Olig2+CC1+ mature oligodendroglia (arrows). Quantification of percentage of CC1+tdT+ Olig2+ oligodendrocytes in B2mtdT baseline adult spinal cord. n=4 mice. Scale bars, 20 µm. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (J) Quantification of percentage of PDGFRa+tdT+ oligodendroglia in MOG35-55 EAE spinal cord. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions. n=3–4 mice baseline and score 0, n=6–8 mice EAE score >0. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.

Figure 7—source data 1

Immunohistochemistry quantification, sheets are labeled with letter corresponding to data panels in Figure 7.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig7-data1-v2.xlsx

tdT+ oligodendroglia were more abundant in EAE lesion areas, determined by DAPI hypercellularity, compared to non-lesion areas in B2mtdT EAE mice (p=0.0156 paired Wilcoxon t-test, n=8) but not Cd74tdT EAE mice (p=0.1289 paired Wilcoxon t-test, n=9) (Figure 7E and F). To quantify the abundance of tdT+ oligodendroglia in relation to the degree of inflammatory infiltrates, CD45 density was quantified on whole spinal cord sections. An increase in CD45 density was significantly correlated with a higher percentage of tdT+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT EAE sections, but not Cd74tdT EAE sections (Figure 7G), suggesting higher concentrations of MHC class I oligodendroglia in regions with higher inflammatory activity.

As an alternative measure of inflammatory activity in individual animals, the mean tdT fluorescent intensity of all spinal cord regions of interest (ROIs) imaged was used as a surrogate of overall inflammatory activity, as tdT is expressed on inflammatory infiltrates in both B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter animals. The individual animal mean ROI tdT intensity was positively correlated with the individual animal mean percentage of tdT+ oligodendroglia in both B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter mice (Figure 7H), highlighting the close correspondence between activation of MHC pathways in oligodendroglia and level of inflammatory activity. Individual animal EAE clinical score was also positively correlated with the mean percentage of tdT+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT and Cd74tdT EAE spinal cord (Figure 7—figure supplement 1A).

To determine whether tdT+ oligodendroglia were oligodendrocyte progenitors or mature oligodendrocytes, we performed immunostaining for CC1 and PDGFRa, to identify oligodendrocytes and OPCs, respectively. In naive B2mtdT spinal cords, tdT+ oligodendroglia were predominantly mature CC1+ oligodendroglia (88.6 ± 1.7%, n=4) (Figure 7I). As CC1 labels immune cells as well as mature oligodendrocytes, we were only able to analyze OPCs in EAE sections. A minority of spinal cord TdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia were immunoreactive to PDGFRa (Figure 7J) in B2mtdT naive (6.2 ± 0.2%, n=3), B2mtdT EAE score 0 (11.8 ± 4.0%, n=4), B2mtdT EAE score >0 (12.1 ± 2.8%, n=8), and Cd74tdT EAE score >0 (16.8 ± 4.6%, n=6), indicating that most of these MHC expressing oligodendroglia had advanced beyond the progenitor stage. The level of inflammatory activity in an individual animal based on EAE clinical score (Figure 7—figure supplement 1B), mean tdT ROI intensity (Figure 7—figure supplement 1C), or mean tdT+ oligodendroglia (Figure 7—figure supplement 1D) were not significantly correlated with the percentage of tdT+PDGFRa+ immune OPCs, suggesting that immune OPCs are not depleted in setting of more robust inflammatory activity.

To determine if astrocytes demonstrate expression of MHC reporters in the setting of inflammation, EAE spinal cord sections were immunostained for GFAP and Sox9. MHC reporter expression was found in some Sox9+ astrocytes in EAE lesions of both B2mtdT and Cd74tdT animals (Figure 7—figure supplement 2), suggesting that astrocytes also upregulate MHC in the context of inflammation.

In addition to spinal cord tissue, we observed tdT+ oligodendroglia in EAE brains (Figure 8A and B and Figure 8—video 1). To quantify tdT+ oligodendroglia in EAE brain regions, four regions (ventral, midline corpus, corpus horn, and subventricular zone) were imaged and quantified for Olig2 expression and endogenous tdT expression (without immunostaining) (Figure 8C and D). The number of tdT+ oligodendroglia across all brain regions analyzed was significantly higher in clinical scoring EAE animals compared to pre-clinical score 0 animals in both B2mtdT (pre: 1.7 ± 0.7%, n=5; post: 6.1 ± 1.2%, n=9, p=0.0180 unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test) and Cd74tdT mice (pre: ND, n=3; post: 0.5 ± 0.2%, n=11, p=0.0165 unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test) animals (Figure 8E). Similar to the spinal cord analysis, the individual animal mean ROI tdT intensity was also positively correlated with the individual animal mean percentage of tdT+ oligodendroglia in the brain of B2mtdT and Cd74tdT EAE mice (Figure 8F). However, the EAE clinical score was correlated with the number of TdT+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT brain, but not the Cd74tdT EAE brain (Figure 8—figure supplement 1A).

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Oligodendroglial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter expression in the brain of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory models.

(A) Confocal imaging of tdT reporter-positive oligodendroglia in MOG35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) B2mtdT and Cd74tdT brain. Endogenous tdT reporter-positive oligodendroglia indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (B) Representative images of MOG35-55 EAE B2mtdT and Cd74tdT brain with corpus callosum TdT-positive infiltrate. Scale bars, 500 µm. (C) Representative images of B2mtdT and Cd74tdT MOG35-55 ventral brain used for region of interest (ROI) analysis of tdT+ oligodendroglia. Scale bars, 50 µm. (D) Diagram of seven ROIs imaged in brain sections. Figure made in https://www.biorender.com/. (E) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT and Cd74tdT brain. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions analyzed. n=3–5 mice baseline and score 0, n=9–11 EAE score >0. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (F) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to all region mean tdT mean fluorescent intensity in MOG35-55 EAE brain. n=12 mice/reporter. Data points are individual animals. (G) Representative images of B2mtdT and Cd74tdT AT-CUP corpus callosum used for ROI analysis of tdT+ oligodendroglia. Scale bars, 50 µm. (H) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT and Cd74tdT brain of CNS inflammatory models. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions analyzed. n=3–9 mice/group. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (I) Regional ratio of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in four regions analyzed in B2mtdT brain. For each individual animal total tdT+Olig2+ cells in each region taken as a proportion of all tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia across all brain regions for that animal. n=3–9 mice/group. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. AT - adoptive transfer, AT-CUP - adoptive transfer cuprizone, CUP - cuprizone, ROI - region of interest.

Figure 8—source data 1

Images from confocal Z-stack from Imaris reconstruction of Figure 8—video 1.

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Figure 8—source data 2

Immunohistochemistry quantification, sheets are labeled with letter corresponding to data panels in Figure 8.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig8-data2-v2.xlsx

To determine whether these MHC reporter mice are versatile enough to use with other inflammatory models, we adoptively transferred MOG-reactive Th17 T cells after cuprizone-mediated demyelination (AT-CUP) (Figure 8G), which results in inflammatory infiltrates and impaired remyelination in the corpus callosum (Baxi et al., 2015). tdT+ oligodendroglia were significantly more abundant in AT-CUP mice across all brain regions analyzed compared to cuprizone alone (CUP) and adoptive transfer (AT) alone in both B2mtdT (AT-CUP: 17.4 ± 4.6%, n=6; AT: 2.0 ± 0.6%, n=4; CUP: 0.5 ± 4.6%, n=3) and Cd74tdT (AT-CUP: 0.9 ± 0.4%, n=8; AT: 0.1 ± 0.04%, n=6; CUP: ND, n=3) reporter animals (Figure 8H). Given that there is a high degree of inflammatory activity in the demyelinated corpus callosum in cuprizone and adoptive transfer cuprizone models (Baxi et al., 2015), and tdT+ oligodendroglia may be concentrated in areas of high inflammatory activity, we analyzed the regional means across the brain regions in these models.

The ventral brain demonstrated an enrichment of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in AT-CUP compared to cuprizone in B2mtdT mice (Figure 8—figure supplement 1B). Cd74tdT mice had a significant increase in corpus and corpus horn tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in AT-CUP compared to cuprizone (Figure 8—figure supplement 1C). To control for the variability of tdT+ oligodendroglia in different B2mtdT animals, due to various clinical scores and degree of inflammatory activity, we calculated the regional ratio of tdT+ oligodendroglia as a percentage of total tdT+ oligodendroglia in an individual animal (Figure 8I). B2mtdT mice demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of tdT+ oligodendroglia in the corpus horn of cuprizone mice compared to EAE and AT-CUP mice (Figure 8I, Figure 8—figure supplement 1D), suggesting that tdT+ oligodendroglia are enriched in areas of high inflammatory activity.

Isolation of MHC reporter expressing cells reveals distinct transcriptional subpopulations

To further define the properties of MHC expressing ‘immune’ oligodendroglia, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tdT-positive and -negative cells sorted from Cd74tdT and B2mtdT MOG35-55 EAE brains (Figure 9). Single cells were sorted from whole brains based on tdT expression and viability (Figure 9—figure supplement 1A and B) and 10× scRNA-seq was performed on three isolated populations (tdT positive and negative from Cd74tdT mice, and tdT positive from B2mtdT mice) with an average sequencing depth of 2231–2835 genes per cell. Clustering was validated by assessing known unique transcripts associated with each cell population (Figure 9—figure supplement 1C). Clustering tdT-positive and -negative populations from Cd74tdT mice revealed mostly non-overlapping clusters (Figure 9A). tdT-negative cells were comprised predominantly of T cells, endothelial cells, oligodendroglia, and granulocytes, and tdT-positive cells were predominantly microglia, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells (Figure 9B). The tdT-positive sorted sample contained high Cd74 and tdT transcript levels (Figure 9C). tdT-positive sorted cells from B2mtdT mice were predominantly monocytes/macrophages, microglia, endothelial cells, and T cells (Figure 9D and E), which varied in their levels of tdT and B2m transcripts (Figure 9F). There were very few astrocytes and neurons sequenced, likely due to difficulty in isolating these populations with papain dissociation (Lo et al., 2021). The Cd74tdT monocyte/macrophage cluster had distinct separation of tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cluster populations (Figure 9A) and differential gene analysis revealed enrichment of MHC class II, M2 activation, and macrophage infiltration chemokine, inflammatory signaling receptor, complement and lysosomal protease transcripts in tdT-positive myeloid cells (Figure 9—figure supplement 2, Figure 9—figure supplement 2—source data 1). These data indicate that MHC upregulation occurs in a minority of oligodendroglia, or that oligodendroglia that upregulate MHC are destroyed.

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Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of Cd74tdT and B2mtdT MOG35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) Cd74tdT MOG35-55 EAE brain scRNA-seq tdT-positive sorted cells (dark gray) and tdT-negative sorted cells (light gray). n=3 pooled Cd74tdT EAE animals. (B) Cell identity percentages in Cd74tdT tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cells, total cell count in parentheses. (C) Violin plots of log normalized expression levels of Cd74 and tdT transcripts in tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted samples. (D) UMAP B2mtdT MOG35-55 EAE brain scRNA-seq TdT-positive sorted cells. n=3 pooled B2mtdT EAE animals. (E) Cell identity percentages in B2mtdT tdT-positive sorted cells, cell count in parentheses. (F) Violin plots of log normalized expression levels of B2m and tdT transcripts in B2mtdT tdT-positive sorted cell clusters. DC - dendritic cells; Mono/Macro - monocyte/macrophage; NK - natural killer.

Figure 9—source data 1

QC metrics for single-cell RNA sequencing data.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig9-data1-v2.xlsx

Oligodendroglia subpopulations in EAE

Subclustering oligodendroglial cells from the Cd74tdT EAE brain (Figure 10A) resulted in nine subclusters (Figure 10—figure supplement 1A). On further analysis, several of the clusters with oligodendroglial transcripts were identified as T cells, myeloid cells, and endothelial cells (Figure 10—figure supplement 1B–C). The presence of myelin transcripts in these cells may arise through phagocytosis of myelin debris, which has been reported during development (Irfan et al., 2022; Nemes-Baran et al., 2020). After removal of these contaminating clusters, 1082 oligodendroglia were distributed between eight subclusters (Figure 10A). Differential gene analysis revealed that pan-oligodendroglial marker Olig1 and mature myelin transcripts (Cnp, Plp, Mbp, and Mobp) were present in all clusters, with the lowest levels of mature myelin markers and highest level of Olig1 in cluster 5.2 (Figure 10B) which was defined ‘pre-OL’ for intermediate oligodendrocyte, and other clusters labeled ‘OL’ as mature oligodendrocytes. Three clusters (2,3,7) labeled ‘class 1’ were notable for the highest levels of MHC class I receptor transcripts, as well as interferon-responsive Stat1 transcription factor (Figure 10C), immunoproteasome Psmb8, peptide transport Tap1 and Cd274 transcripts (Figure 10D). It is possible that expression of Cd274/PD-L1, a MHC class I inhibitory molecule, prevents CD8-mediated killing of these oligodendroglia. Cell cycle arrest transcript Cdkn1a was highly expressed in two clusters (4,6) labeled ‘stress’ (Figure 10E), and growth arrest/apoptosis transcript Gadd45b was relatively enriched in one of these clusters (6). Cd74tdT tdT-positive sorted oligodendroglia represented 3% (34/1082) of total oligodendroglia and were found predominantly in cluster 5.1 and 5.2, which correlated with Cd74 transcript expression (Figure 10F). Cluster 5.1 and 5.2 were labeled ‘class II’ and MHC class II transcripts (Cd74, Ctss, H2-Ab1, H2-Eb1) were enriched in these clusters (Figure 10G–H).

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Oligodendroglial subclustering of single-cell RNA sequencing of Cd74tdT MOG35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) Cd74tdT MOG35-55 EAE brain tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cells with eight oligodendroglial subclusters. (B) Violin plots of oligodendroglial markers Olig1, Cnp, Plp, Mobp, and Mbp transcript levels in oligodendroglial subclusters. (C) Violin plots of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (B2m, H2-K1, H2-D1), and Stat1 transcript levels. (D) Violin plots of antigen transport (Tap1), immunoproteasome (Psmb8), and Cd274/PD-L1 transcript levels. (E) Violin plots of cell cycle arrest Cdkn1a and Gadd45b. (F) UMAP indicating tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cells and Cd74 transcript expression levels. (G) Violin plots of MHC class II transcripts (Cd74, Ctss, H2-Ab1, H2-Eb1). (H) Heatmap of MHC class II (Cd74, H2-Ab1, H2-Aa, H2-Eb1) expression levels in oligodendroglial subclusters.

Figure 10—source data 1

Differential gene analysis data of oligodendroglial subclusters depicted in Figure 10.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/82938/elife-82938-fig10-data1-v2.xlsx

To compare our iOPC/iOL EAE subsets with a previously published mouse EAE spinal cord dataset from Falcão et al., 2018, we integrated both datasets and repeated oligodendroglial subclustering (Figure 11). Oligodendroglial subclusters from both datasets overlapped to a high degree (Figure 11A), but with several exceptions. Our dataset consisted predominantly of mature oligodendrocytes and did not have PDGFRa transcript containing cells present in OPC clusters of Falcao dataset (Figure 11—figure supplement 1A). This was also reflected in the lack of cells in our dataset in the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) region corresponding to Falcao et al. OPC clusters (Figure 11B). The Falcao et al. dataset utilized an OPC reporter and lineage tracing approach, which may have resulted in an enrichment of OPCs, as opposed to our dataset which did not sort on reporter positive oligodendroglia. One mature Falcao et al. subset, MOL3_EAE, was under-represented in our dataset, which may reflect differences in spinal cord oligodendroglia compared to brain oligodendroglia. One of our subclusters, 1-OL_homeo, corresponded to primarily oligodendroglia enriched in naïve non-immunized mice from Falcao et al. dataset, which may represent homeostatic oligodendrocytes with low levels of MHC class I, MHC class II, and cell stress/apoptosis transcripts (Figure 10C–H). We selected upregulated transcripts from each oligodendroglial subcluster of our dataset (Figure 10—source data 1) and evaluated expression of these transcripts in corresponding subclusters in Falcao et al. dataset (Figure 11C). Transcripts highly expressed in our oligodendroglial subclusters demonstrated high expression in Falcao et al. subclusters, based on UMAP location. Together, this analysis provides further evidence of consistent MHC upregulation by subsets of oligodendroglia in the context of inflammation.

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Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) oligodendroglial cluster dataset with previously published Falcao et al. EAE oligodendroglial cluster dataset.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) of subclustering of combined datasets of Cd74tdT oligodendroglial subclusters from EAE brain and Falcao et al. OPC reporter line oligodendroglial subclusters from EAE spinal cord. (B) UMAP of oligodendroglial subclustering with Falcao et al. dataset on left with labels of subclusters as previously published, and our dataset on right with corresponding Figure 10 labels. (C) Violin plots of differentially expressed transcripts from each of our subclusters and corresponding transcript expression in Falcao et al. dataset. Red boxes indicate subcluster with highest expression and corresponding subcluster in Falcao et al. dataset based on UMAP location in panel B.

Discussion

MHC upregulation by oligodendroglia in response to inflammation may influence cell survival, myelin repair, and disease progression, but the properties of these cells, their incidence, and ultimately their fate have been difficult to study in the CNS. To overcome this limitation, we developed two new mouse lines in which the fluorescent protein tdT is expressed under control of either the B2m or Cd74 promoters, allowing identification of cells that upregulate MHC I and MHC II pathways, respectively. Our studies reveal that MHC class I and II reporter mice enable reliable detection of immune oligodendroglia in the CNS. Quantitative analysis from naïve and inflammatory disease model mice reveals that these glial cells represent a small, but diverse population that increase in the inflammatory environment, mirroring single-nucleus RNA sequencing results from human MS post-mortem tissues (Schirmer et al., 2019; Jäkel et al., 2019; Absinta et al., 2021). Although not restricted to lesion sites, immune oligodendroglia were more prevalent in areas of enhanced inflammation specific to disease pathology, where they have the potential to influence the behavior of both peripheral and central immune cells and subsequent remyelination. Future, longitudinal intravital imaging of Cd74tdT and B2mtdT mice will help to define the onset and persistence of MHC activation in these cells and determine if they are at higher risk for removal from the CNS through cytotoxic CD8 T cell-induced death.

Recent evidence suggests that MHC expression may vary with age (Nemes-Baran et al., 2020; de la Fuente et al., 2020; Mishra et al., 2020), and our scRNA-seq data revealed that a subset of MHC class I expressing oligodendroglia express PD-L1/Cd274 transcripts, which may protect these cells from CD8 T cell-mediated death and may allow MHC class I oligodendroglia to persist in inflammatory settings. Whether these oligodendroglia exhibit impaired differentiation and capacity for remyelination remains to be determined. Conversely, oligodendroglia expressing MHC class II may be more prone to apoptosis or senescence through Gadd45b signaling (Zaidi and Liebermann, 2022). Moreover, the frequency of immune oligodendroglia was correlated with disease severity, suggesting that these cells have a relationship with behavioral presentation that could be used to track the progression and treatment of demyelinating disease. The ability to isolate immune oligodendroglia and other cells with activated MHC pathways from the CNS will help define the phenotypic changes they exhibit in diverse disease and injury contexts, and provide new insight into the complex cellular interactions that modify disease progression and repair.

The value of these MHC reporter mice extends beyond OL lineage cells. Reactive microglia and astroglia can also express MHC class II and have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. Cd74 is a signature of disease-associated microglia in Alzheimer’s (Bryan et al., 2008; Swanson et al., 2020), as well as being found in microglia associated with MS in post-mortem tissues (Absinta et al., 2021). Delineation of the transcriptional profiles of these cells can now be achieved by sorting tdT+ microglia, and their regional dynamics defined through in vivo two-photon imaging. MHC I induction has also been reported in neurons, where it can influence maturation and synaptogenesis (Neumann et al., 1995; Corriveau et al., 1998; Huh et al., 2000; Goddard et al., 2007; Shatz, 2009; Elmer and McAllister, 2012) and is upregulated in pathological states, such as viral infection and traumatic injury (Neumann et al., 2002; Meuth et al., 2009; Joseph et al., 2011). These reporter mice will facilitate analysis of neuronal MHC signaling in other injury and disease contexts, expanding our knowledge about the prevalence and impact of MHC signaling in the CNS.

Materials and methods

Mice

2D2 (C57BL/6-Tg(Tcra2D2,Tcrb2D2) 1Kuch/J Jax stock #006912), OT-II (B6.Cg-Tg(TcraTcrb)425Cbn/J Jax stock #004194) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. Generation of B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter lines is described below. All experiments were performed when mice were 8–16 weeks of age and both male and female mice were used. All animal procedures were performed according to protocols approved by the Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee.

Generation of B2mtdT and Cd74tdT reporter lines by Crispr/Cas9 Benchling gRNA design tool was used to select guide RNA (gRNA) sequences to target replacement of the stop codon with reporter repair construct. gRNA sequences were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies. Repair reporter constructs were cloned by Genscript and consisted of pUC57 vector with 500 bp homology arms of endogenous B2m and Cd74 locus flanking P2A-TdTomato-WPRE-pA sequence (repair construct,Figure 1—source data 1). Johns Hopkins Transgenic Core Laboratory injected C57BL/6 embryos with gRNA and repair construct (6 kb plasmid with 500 bp homology arms and 2339 knock-in sequence). Founder pups (62 for B2mtdT and 61 for Cd74tdT) were screened with primers spanning the 5’ homology arm and tdTomato (out-L-F/TdT-R), 3’ homology arm and WPRE sequence (WPRE-F/Out-R-R) and full-length insert 5’ homology arm and 3’ homology arm (In-L-F/In-R-R). For B2mtdT, five founder pups demonstrated amplification of all primer sets and two of these founder pups had strong TdTomato endogenous fluorescence on peripheral blood flow. Both founder animals were bred to C57BL/6 to generate founder lines and both founders had identical reporter expression in all tissues analyzed. Full-length sequencing of insert was unsuccessful due to redundancy in tdTomato sequence. The founder with the strongest PCR amplification band of full-length insert was used for experiments in this study. For Cd74tdT, one founder pup demonstrated amplification of all primer sets and had strong tdTomato endogenous fluorescence on peripheral blood flow. This founder animal was bred to C57BL/6 to generate the Cd74tdT founder line.

Oligodendrocyte progenitor culture

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Oligodendroglial cultures were performed in three independent experiments and for each experiment one litter of pups per reporter was screened for tdT reporter expression and tdT-positive pups were pooled for immunopanning isolation. Post-natal P6-10 B2mtdT and Cd74tdT pups were screened for tdTomato expression with peripheral blood flow. tdT-positive pups were cervically decapitated, forebrains were dissected in HBSS, and three to five forebrains were pooled and gently chopped several times with a razor. Dissociation was performed with Miltenyi Neural Tissue dissociation kit P (130-092-628) and according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After dissociation, cells were resuspended in 0.02% BSA in HBSS. Three 15 cm non-coated Petri dishes for each dissociation of three to five pups were pre-incubated overnight at 4°C the day prior to dissociation. Plate coating: goat anti-rat IgG (Jackson 112-005-167) 1:333, goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson 115-005-003) 1:333, and BSL1 (Vector L1100) 1:1000 all in Tris-HCl pH 9.5. Prior to dissection and dissociation, secondary antibody plates were washed with HBSS and incubated with primary antibody mouse CD11b (Bio-Rad MCA275G) and rat PDGFRa (BD Pharmigen 558774) at room temperature for at least 2 hr. BSL1 plate was equilibrated at room temperature. After cell dissociation, panning plates were washed with HBSS and cell suspension was added to BSL1 plate (negative selection for endothelial cells) for 10 min. Plate was tapped to dislodge loosely bound cells and unbound suspension was transferred to CD11b plate (negative selection for microglia) for 20 min and then PDGFRa plate (positive selection for oligodendrocyte progenitors) for 90 min. To harvest bound cells, PDGFRa plate was washed with HBSS and 0.0625% trypsin in HBSS was added for 10 min at 37°C. FBS was used to dislodge cells and inhibit trypsin and cells were resuspended in OPC proliferation media. Cells were plated at a density of 50 k/coverslip with pre-plating to ensure adherence by adding 50 k cells in 50 µl media to center of coverslip and incubating 37°C for 10 min then gently adding 450 µl of media to side of well. Coverslips were pre-coated with 10 µg/ml PDL in dH2O for several hours and washed with dH2O prior to cell plating. OPC proliferation media: DMEM high glucose pyruvate (Thermo Fisher 11995073), 100 U/100 µg/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 5 µg/ml N-acetyl-L-cysteine, 1×SATO (1 µg/ml human apo-transferrin, 1 µg/ml BSA, 0.16 µg/ml putrescine, 0.6 mg/ml progesterone, 0.4 ng/ml sodium selenite), 1xB27 (Thermo Fisher 17504044), 1xTrace Elements B (Cellgro 99-175C), 5 µg/ml insulin, 10 ng/ml d-biotin, 4.2 µg/ml forskolin, 20 ng/ml PDGFAA (PeproTech 100-13A), 1 ng/ml NT-3 (PeproTech 450-03), 10 ng/ml CNTF (PeproTech 450-13). Cells were maintained in 37°C incubator with 10% CO2 and 50% of media was changed every 48 hr. Twenty-four hr post-plating, 50 ng/ml IFN-γ was added to media and after 72 hr of IFN-γ treatment, coverslips were fixed with 4% PFA for 10 min then washed twice in PBS.

Western blotting

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Tissues from a total of five wild-type, four B2mtdT and Cd74tdT adult mice were used for western blot analysis. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and cervically dislocated. Brain, spinal cord, spleen, and lymph nodes were dissected and transferred to cold RIPA lysis buffer with complete protease inhibitor cocktail (MilliporeSigma 4693116001) and mortar and pestle was used to grind tissue. Homogenate was centrifuged for 20 min 4°C at 12,000 rpm, supernatant was collected and protein concentration was measured with BCA assay (Pierce BCA protein assay kit 23225). Twenty µg of protein samples in Laemmli buffer were reduced with 0.1 M DTT and incubated at 100°C for 5 min. Samples and Chameleon Duo ladder (Li-Cor 928-60000) were loaded in 4–20% Mini-Protean TGX gel (Bio-Rad) and run at 200 V for 45 min. Wet transfer was performed onto PVDF membrane at 100 V for 60 min. Membranes were blocked in Odyssey blocking buffer (Li-Cor 927-60001) for 1 hr at room temperature then incubated in primary antibody in Odyssey blocking buffer with 0.2%Tween-20 overnight at 4°C. Primary antibodies were all used at 1:10,000 concentration: rabbit B2m (Dako A0072), goat tdTomato (MyBiosource MBS448092), rabbit CD74 (Abcam ab245692), and mouse beta-actin (Sigma A2228). Membranes were washed 3× in TBST (TBS 0.1%Tween-20) for 10 min. Membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies in Odyssey blocking buffer with 0.2%Tween-20 for 1 hr at room temperature. Secondary antibodies were all used at 1:10,000 concentration: goat anti-mouse IgG IRDye 680RD (Li-Cor 926-68070), goat anti-rabbit IgG IRDye 800CW (Li-Cor 926-32211), and donkey anti-goat IgG (Li-Cor 926-68074). Membranes were washed 3× in TBST for 10 min and imaged on LiCor Odyssey CLX system. Images were exported and band intensity was analyzed in ImageStudioLite software.

OT-II CD4 T cell with Cd74tdT splenocyte co-culture assay

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Spleens from five wild-type and five Cd74tdT adult mice were mashed over a 100 µm filter to create a single-cell suspension and red blood cells were lysed using RBC lysis buffer (eBioscience). Ovalbumin-specific naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from OT-II mice using the Mojosort naïve CD4 T cell isolation kit (BioLegend), according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Following isolation T cells were labeled with Cell Proliferation Dye efluor450 (eBioscience). Wild-type and Cd74tdT splenocytes were cultured at a ratio of 4:1 with OT-II CD4 T cells in Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (Gibco) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gemini Bio-Products), 10 mM Glutamax (Thermo Fisher), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (MilliporeSigma), 55 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (Gibco), and 100 U/100 µg/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Quality Biological) with 10 µg/ml of ovalbumin. After 72 hr cells were harvested for flow cytometry. Cells were spun at 1500 rpm for 5 min, washed in PBS, and incubated with Fc block (BioLegend 156604) and live/dead Aqua (Thermo Fisher L34966) for 15 min. Cells were washed with FACs buffer and incubated antibodies at concentration of 1:100 in FACs buffer for 30 min. Antibodies: CD4 APC (BD 553051), vb5 FITC (BioLegend 139514), CD44 PECy7 (eBioScience 25-0441-82). Cells were washed in FACS buffer and ran on Cytek Aurora 4 laser flow cytometer. Compensation was performed with single stained UltraComp eBeads (ThermoScientific 01-3333-42), ArC amine reactive beads for viability dyes (LifeTechnologies A10346) and unstained co-cultures for tdTomato compensation. FlowJo software was used for analysis and gating. T cells were gated on singlet, cell, viable, CD4+, vb5+ then further subgated on proliferating with two or more divisions and CD44+. Each well was an independent experimental replicate.

MOG35-55 peptide EAE

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For EAE experiments mice were obtained from four separate immunization experiments. A total of 5 clinical score 0 mice per reporter were taken at day 8 post-immunization and 10 B2mtdT score >0 and 11 Cd74tdT score >0 were sacrificed at day 8–17 post-immunization across the four separate experiments. One-fifth immunization experiment in which animals demonstrated a delayed EAE source was not analyzed. For immunization MOG35-55 peptide was emulsified in 1:1 volume of MOG35-55 2 mg/ml in PBS and complete Freund’s adjuvant (8 mg/ml mycobacterium tuberculosis in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant) with syringes attached to stopcock for 10 min. Seventy-five µl of emulsion was injected subcutaneously on the left and right lateral abdomen for a total of 150 µg MOG35-55 peptide. Pertussis toxin 250 ng was injected intraperitoneally on the day of immunization and 2 (dpi). Clinical scores were monitored daily after 7 dpi. The following criteria for clinical scoring was used from Hooke laboratories: 0.5 mild tail weakness, 1 limp tail, 1.5 limp tail and wobbly walk (no overt leg weakness), 2 limp tail and hindlimb weakness (not dragging), 2.5 limp tail and dragging of one or both hindlimbs but some movement at hindlimb, 3 limp tail and complete hindlimb paralysis (spinning or severe ataxia), 3.5 limp tail and complete hindlimb paralysis and hindlimbs held to one side of body or hindquarters flat, 4 all of 3.5 scoring with partial to complete front leg paralysis and minimal movement around the cage, 5 dead. Mice were sacrificed at 8–17 dpi.

Cuprizone Th17 adoptive transfer

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For cuprizone adoptive transfer a total of three separate adoptive transfer experiments were performed. A total of three cuprizone alone for B2mtdT and Cd74tdT, four adoptive transfer alone for B2mtdT and Cd74tdT, and six adoptive transfer-cuprizone for B2mtdT and eight for Cd74tdT were sacrificed across the three separate experiments. Mice were fed 0.2% cuprizone (bis(cyclo-hexanone) oxaldihydrazone [Sigma-Aldrich]) mixed with powdered, irradiated 18% protein rodent diet (Teklad Global) for 3.5 weeks, and chow was replaced every 2–3 days. CD4+ T cells were isolated from the spleens and draining lymph nodes of 2D2 mice using the CD4+ isolation kit (BioLegend) and co-cultured with irradiated wild-type splenocytes at a ratio of 1:5. To polarize cells to a Th17 profile, 2.5 µg/mL anti-CD3 (BioLegend), 20 µg/mL anti-IL-4 (BioLegend), 20 µg/mL anti-IFN-γ (BioLegend), 30 ng/mLIL-6 (PeproTech), and 3 ng/mL TGFb (Thermo Fisher) were added to the medium IMDM (Thermo Fisher), fetal bovine serum (Gemini Bio-Products), penicillin and streptomycin (Quality Biologicals), 2-mercaptoethanol (Gibco), Glutamax (Thermo Fisher), and sodium pyruvate (MilliporeSigma). After 72 hr, cells were transferred to a new plate with fresh medium and IL-23 (R&D Systems). After 48 hr rest, cells were restimulated on plates coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (BioLegend). After 48 hr of restimulation, cells were collected and resuspended in PBS. Mice fed 0.2% cuprizone for 3.5 weeks (AT-CUP) followed by 3 days of cessation of cuprizone and no cuprizone treatment (AT only) mice were injected intraperitoneally with 10×106 Th17 cells. Clinical score was monitored daily starting at 7 days post-adoptive transfer and mice were sacrificed 7–17 days after adoptive transfer. Cuprizone without adoptive transfer and adoptive transfer without cuprizone was performed in parallel. For cuprizone alone mice were sacrificed 7 days after cessation of cuprizone diet. For adoptive transfer cuprizone clinical scores ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 with some animals demonstrating more atypical clinical scores. For adoptive transfer alone clinical scores ranged from 2.5 to 4.

Immunohistochemistry

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For baseline immunohistochemistry brain and spinal cord from four adult mice per reporter were analyzed. For all stains a minimum of 12 slides across three separate staining experiments were analyzed. For tissue harvesting mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and intracardially perfused with PBS followed by 4% PFA. Brain and spinal cord were dissected and post-fixed in 4% PFA for 24 hr then transferred to 30% sucrose for 2–3 days. Tissue was embedded in OCT (Tissue-Tek) and flash frozen on dry ice bath. Tissue was cut on Leica CM1850 cryostat and spinal cord 20 µm sections were mounted onto slides and brain 30 µm sections were mounted onto slides or collected in cryoprotectant (30% sucrose, 30% ethylene glycol, 10 mg/ml polyvinylpyrrolidone in 0.1 M PB buffer pH 7.4–10.9 mg/ml Na2PO4, 3.2 mg/ml NaH2PO4 in dH2O). Floating sections were stored at –20°C and mounted sections were stored at –80°C. Floating sections were mounted onto slides prior to staining and allowed to dry for 10 min. Coverslip staining was performed in 24-well plate. Slides were washed with PBST (PBS Triton 0.5%) for 5 min, outlined with PAP pen (Thermo Fisher 5027627) and blocked with 5% normal goat serum (Vector S-1000) or 5% normal donkey serum (Jackson 017-000-121) in PBST for 1 hr. Slides were incubated in primary antibody in 5% normal goat or normal donkey serum in PBST overnight at 4°C. Primary antibodies: rabbit Olig2 1:1000 (MilliporeSigma AB9610), mouse Olig2 1:1000 (MilliporeSigma MABN50), mouse CC1/APC 1:500 (MilliporeSigma OP80), rabbit PDGFRa 1:500 (Cell Signaling 3174), rabbit Iba1 1:1000 (Wako 019-19741) goat Iba1 1:500 (Novus NB100-1028), goat TdTomato 1:2000 (MyBiosource MBS448092), rat IA/IE 1:100 (BD Pharmingen 556999), rabbit CD74 1:100 (Abcam ab245692), rabbit CD31 1:100 (Abcam ab28364), hamster CD11c 1:100 (Thermo Fisher 14-0114-82), TMEM119 (Abcam ab209064), rabbit NeuN 1:1000 (MilliporeSigma ABN78), mouse NeuN 1:500 (MilliporeSigma MAB377), mouse Parvalbumin 1:1000 (MilliporeSigma P3088), rabbit GFAP 1:1000 (Agilent Z0334), rabbit Sox9 1:1000 (Millipore AB5535), chicken GFAP 1:2000 (Aves), rat CD45 1:100 (Millipore 05-1416). Slides were washed 3× PBST then incubated with secondary antibody 1:500 in in 5% normal goat or normal donkey serum in PBST for 1 hr at room temperature. Secondary antibodies: goat anti-rabbit IgG 488 (ThermoScientific A11008) and 647 (ThermoScientific A21244), goat anti-rat IgG 488 (ThermoScientific A11006) and 647 (ThermoScientific A21247), goat anti-hamster IgG 488 (ThermoScientific A21110), goat anti-mouse IgG 488 (ThermoScientific A11001) and 647 (ThermoScientific A21235), donkey anti-goat IgG 544 (Abcam ab150134) and 647 (ThermoScientific A21447). Slides were washed 1× in PBST for 5 min, 2× PBS for 5 min, then coverslipped with Prolong Gold Antifade with DAPI (Life Technologies P36931).

Cell quantification

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For spinal cord analysis four lumbar sections with seven ROIs (central canal, bilateral dorsal horn, bilateral lateral white matter, and bilateral ventral white matter) were imaged per animal. For brain analysis four brain sections with seven ROIs (midline corpus callosum, bilaterally corpus horn, bilateral subventricular zone, and bilateral ventral brain) were imaged per animal. For ROIs epifluorescence Z-stack images were taken on Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 with 20× objective. The total number of Olig2+ cells and Olig2+tdT+ cells in each image were manually counted using the events feature in Zen Blue software. The mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ cells was calculated by taking the proportion of total Olig2+tdT+ cells over the total Olig2+ cells across all ROIs in all sections. For spinal cord analysis the number of ROI images quantified ranged from 16 to 28 per animal and total number of oligodendrocytes counted ranged from 1341 to 7927 per animal. For brain analysis the number of ROI images quantified ranged from 16 to 28 per animal and total number of Olig2+ cells counted ranged from 1341 to 7927 per animal. For brain analysis the number of ROI images quantified ranged from 16 to 28 per animal and total number of Olig2+ cells counted ranged from 524 to 2860 per animal. To compare spinal cord lesion to non-lesion images, the presence of DAPI hypercellularity was used to categorize ROIs as lesion or non-lesion from eight to nine animals with clinical score >2 per reporter. The mean percentage of Olig2+tdT+ cells was calculated across lesion ROIs and non-lesion ROIs for these individual animals. The presence of DAPI hypercellularity was associated with CD45+ clusters when staining for CD45 was performed on additional sections for CD45 analysis. To evaluate inflammation on whole spinal cord sections compared to Olig2+tdT+ cells on that section tiled images of three to four lumbar spinal cord sections were taken from three animals per reporter with clinical score >2. The total number of Olig2+ and Olig2+tdT+ cells and percentage of area/density of CD45 staining were quantified in one tiled section. As an additional marker of inflammatory activity on an individual animal basis the mean tdT fluorescent intensity of ROIs was calculated on non-thresholded 8-bit images using ImageJ. The individual animal mean tdT fluorescent intensity was calculated by taking the average of the mean tdT fluorescent intensities across all ROIs quantified for an individual animal. For PDGFRa spinal cord quantification additional PDGFRa staining was performed on six to eight animals per reporter with clinical score >2 and four B2mtdT pre-clinical score 0 animals. Spinal cord ROIs were imaged as described above and PDGFRa+Olig2+tdT+ and PDGFR-Olig2+tdT+ cells were counted. The mean percentage of PDGFRa+Olig2+tdT+ cells was calculated by taking the proportion of total PDGFRa+Olig2+tdT+ cells over the total Olig2+tdT+ cells across all ROIs in all sections. The number of Olig2+tdT+ cells counted ranged from 34 to 675 double positive cells per B2mtdT animal and 9–23 double positive cells per Cd74tdT animal.

Microscopy

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Epifluorescence images were taken on Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 with 20× objective. Tiled images were collected with multi-focal Z support points and stitched in Zeiss Zen Blue software. Confocal Z-stack images were taken on Zeiss 880 confocal with 40× objective in Johns Hopkins NINDS Multiphoton Imaging Core NS050274. Maximum intensity projections of Z-stacks were created in Zeiss Zen Black software. Imaris software was used for 3D video rendering of Z-stacks.

Flow cytometry

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For flow cytometry experiments three separate experiments were performed for each reporter line. Three B2mtdT were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide and sacrificed at 15 dpi with clinical scores ranging 2.5–3. Four Cd74tdT animals were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide and sacrificed at 12 dpi with clinical scores ranging 1.5–4 for one experiment and separate experiment three Cd74tdT animals were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide and sacrificed at 13 dpi with clinical scores ranging 3–3.5. Non-immunized adult B2mtdT (n=9) and Cd74tdT animals (n=6) were sacrificed for baseline tissue for these experiments in parallel with EAE animals and as one separate experiment of baseline alone. Animals were anesthetized with isoflurane and intracardially perfused with cold HBSS. Spleens were dissected and dissociated by mashing over 100 µm filter and red blood cells were lysed using RBC lysis buffer (BioLegend 420301). Brain and spinal cords were dissected, cut with razor sagittally for two dissociations per animal, lightly chopped several times with fine razor, and transferred to pre-equilibrated enzyme solution at 37°C. Two separate dissociations with papain/DNase and collagenase/DNase were performed for each sagittal half of the brain and spinal cord. Concentrations of enzymes: papain 20 U/ml (Worthington LS003119), collagenase IV 1 mg/ml (Worthington LS004188) and DNase 100 U/ml (Worthington LS002007). Papain buffer: EBSS (Sigma E7510), 22.5 mM D-glucose, 0.5 mM EDTA, 2.2 g/L NaHCO3, 5.5 mM L-cysteine pH 7.4. Collagenase buffer: EBSS, 22.5 mM D-glucose, 2.2 g/L NaHCO3, 3 mM CaCl2 pH 7.4. Tissue dissociations were incubated at 37°C for 10 min followed by mechanical dissociation 10× with 1 ml pipette tip (first time with tip cut to larger bore) and repeated for a total of three incubations/triturations. Cell dissociations were filtered over a 70 µm filter, washed with PBS and myelin was removed with debris removal solution (Miltenyi 130-109-398) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Lower cell suspension layer was washed with PBS, filtered over FACS tube with 35 µm filter, incubated for 15 min with Fc block (BioLegend 156604) and live/dead Aqua (Thermo Fisher L34966) for spleen samples, washed with FACs buffer and incubated with cell surface antibodies at concentration of 1:100 in FACs buffer for 30 min. Cell surface antibodies: CD45 APCFire 750 (BioLegend 103211), Ly6G bv650 (BioLegend 127641), CD19 PacBlue (BioLegend 115523), CD11b PerCPCy5.5 (BioLegend 101228), CD11c PECy7 (BioLegend 117318), Clec12a APC (BioLegend 143406), CD86 bv421 (BioLegend 105035), CD40 FITC (BioLegend 124608), CD206 bv711 (BioLegend 141727), IA/IE bv785 (BioLegend 107645), CD3 PerCPCy5.5 (BioLegend 317336), CD8 PECy7 (BioLegend 100722), CD4 APC (BD 553051). For B2m staining, rabbit B2m 1:10 (Agilent A0072) primary was added to surface stain, and three washes were performed prior to secondary antibody staining with anti-rabbit bv421 1:500 (BioLegend 406410) with three additional washes after secondary antibody. For CD74 staining after surface stain, cells were fixed with IC fix (eBioscience88-8824-00) for 30 min followed by incubation with CD74 FITC 1:100 (BD 561941) in permeabilization buffer (eBioscience88-8824-00) for 30 min according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were washed in FACS buffer and ran on Cytek Aurora 4 laser (VBYR) flow cytometer in Johns Hopkins Ross Flow Cytometry Core. Compensation was performed with single stained UltraComp eBeads (ThermoScientific 01-3333-42), ArC amine reactive beads for viability dyes (LifeTechnologies A10346) and unstained wild-type dissociated spleen, brain and spinal cord for tdT compensation. FlowJo software was used for analysis and gating. Spleen was gated on singlet, cell, viable, CD45+, Ly6G- then further subgated on CD19+ (B cells), CD11b+ (monocytes), CD11b-CD11c+ (dendritic cells). For brain and spinal cord EAE cells were gated on singlets, cell, CD45+CD11b+ and then further subgated on Clec12a+ vs Clec12a-. Both Clec12a+ (infiltrating myeloid) and Clec12a- (microglia) were gated on co-stimulatory molecule CD40 and CD86 expression. Collagenase and papain dissociations were compared without any notable differences and dissociations with the highest yield of cells of interest were presented (collagenase for Cd74tdT infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia and papain for B2mtdT microglia). Tissue from each animal was stained and analyzed separately for each biological replicate. Multiple flow staining panels were performed on biological replicate and the most informative panels were used for data analysis.

Single-cell RNA sequencing

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For single-cell experiments two separate experiments were performed, one for each reporter line. Three B2mtdT MOG35-55 peptide immunized 16-week-old male animals were sacrificed at 13 dpi with clinical scores of 2.5, 4, and 4. Four Cd74tdT MOG35-55 peptide immunized 15-week-old female animals were sacrificed at 14 dpi with clinical scores of 2.5, 3, 3.5, 3.5. Animals were anesthetized with isoflurane and intracardially perfused with cold HBSS without cations with 5 µg/ml actinomycin (Sigma A1410) and 10 µM triptolide (Sigma T3652). Brains and spinal cords were dissected and placed in six-well plate with cold dissection buffer (HBSS no cations with 5 µg/ml actinomycin, 10 µM triptolide, and 27 µg/ml anisomycin [Sigma A9789]) protected from light. Brains and spinal cords were lightly chopped several times with fine razor and transferred to pre-equilibrated at 37°C dissociation buffer with enzymes (papain 20 U/ml and DNase 100 U/ml with 5 µg/ml actinomycin, 10 µM triptolide, and 27 µg/ml anisomycin in EBSS, 22.5 mM D-glucose, 0.5 mM EDTA, 2.2 g/l NaHCO3, 5.5 mM L-cysteine pH 7.4). Tissue dissociations were incubated at 37°C for 10 min followed by mechanical dissociation 10× with 1 ml pipette tip (first time with tip cut to larger bore) and repeated for a total of three incubations/triturations. Cell dissociations were filtered over a 70 µm filter, washed with PBS and myelin was removed with two rounds of debris removal solution (Miltenyi 130-109-398) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cell pellet was resuspended in PBS and filtered over FACS tube with 35 µm filter and incubated with Zombie live/dead Violet (BioLegend 423114) for 15 min in cold PBS at 4°C, washed in cold PBS and resuspended in 0.5% BSA 1 mM EDTA PBS at concentration of 1×106 cells/ml in cold PBS on ice for single-cell sorting. For Cd74tdT samples, two animals were pooled for two sorts. For B2mtdT samples, all three samples were combined then divided into two tubes and only one tube was sorted. Only brain samples were sorted due to the level of myelin debris in spinal cord samples. Brain samples were sorted on Aria Ilu 3 laser (VBR) in Johns Hopkins Ross Flow Cytometry core and gated on scatter and viability. tdT-positive and tdT-negative populations were collected in 0.1% BSA PBS on ice. Samples were sorted for a limit of 2 hr before submission to Johns Hopkins sequencing core. Cell viability and concentration was checked on a Countess II automated hemocytometer using Trypan Blue (Life Technologies) exclusion. Cell volumes calculated to capture 10,000 cells were loaded into a Chromium Next GEM Chip G and GEMs (Gel Bead-in-emulsion) were generated using a Chromium Controller using Single Cell 3’ v3 chemistry (10× Genomics). Barcoded single-cell libraries were then generated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Libraries were sequenced on a NovoSeq 6000 (Illumina).

scRNA-seq analysis

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scRNA-seq data have been deposited in the NCBI’s Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE213739. Sequencing code is provided as Source Code File 1. Sequencing data was aligned to the mouse genome (Howe et al., 2021) modified to include the p2A-tdTomato sequence (named tdT in the reference) using cellranger (v6.1.0, 10× Genomics). Filtered features from cellranger were imported into R (v4.1.2) using Seurat (Satija et al., 2015) (v4.1.0). Additional per cell metrics were assessed including gene count, UMI count, and ratio of reads mapping to mitochondrial genes. Cells were excluded for gene and UMI counts using adaptive thresholds (±3 median absolute deviations) with scuttle (McCarthy et al., 2017) (v1.4.0) or for mitochondrial gene ratios greater than 10%. The Cd74tdT tdT-positive sorted dataset had 8307 cells with median gene count per cell of 2839 (2122,3478), median UMI count per cell of 11,400 (6522,16856), and median mitochondrial ratio of 3.149% (2.356%,4.196%) before filtering and 7968 cells with median gene count per cell of 2895 (2210,3508), median UMI count per cell of 11848 (6990,17132) and median mitochondrial ratio of 3.105% (2.333%,4.061%) after filtering. The Cd74tdT tdT-negative sorted dataset had 12,091 cells before filtering with median genes per cell of 2241 (1736,2878), median UMI count per cell of 7014 (3828,11048), and median mitochondrial ratio of 3.115% (2.343%,4.228%). After filtering, the Cd74tdT tdT-negative sorted dataset had 11,197 cells with median genes per cell of 2307 (1843,2940), median UMI per cell of 7467 (4292,11505) and median mitochondrial ratio of 3.025% (2.299%,3.925%). The B2mtdT tdT-positive sorted dataset before filtering had 10,259 cells with median gene count per cell of 2626 (1812,3465), median UMI count per cell of 8416 (4030,14703), and median mitochondrial ratio of 3.707% (2.795%,5.150%). After filtering, the B2mtdT tdT-positive sorted dataset had 8903 cells with median genes per cell of 2826 (2107,3580), median RNA per cell of 9868 (5374,15701), and median mitochondrial ratio of 3.514% (2.688%,4.547%). The Cd74tdT tdT-negative sorted and Cd74tdT tdT-positive sorted datasets were then merged into a single object prior to data normalization. For clustering purposes, UMI counts were normalized with a regularized negative binomial regression via the SCTransform function in Seurat (Hafemeister and Satija, 2019) using the glmGamPoi method (v1.6.0) (Ahlmann-Eltze and Huber, 2021). This was followed by principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction followed by UMAP dimensionality reduction on the first 40 principal components. Clustering was performed by creating a shared nearest-neighbor graph using the first 40 principal components followed by Louvain clustering. Cluster annotation was done in an automated fashion with SingleR (v1.8.1) (Aran et al., 2019) against the MouseRNASeqData set of 358 mouse bulk RNA-seq samples from sorted populations (Benayoun et al., 2019) available in the celldex package (v1.4.0). Automated annotations were then checked manually by comparing against well-characterized reference genes. For purposes of expression visualization (violin plots, feature plots), UMI counts were log normalized with Seurat. For heatmaps, normalized UMI counts were scaled with Seurat’s ScaleData function. Subclustering analysis was performed by subsetting the cells of interest from the larger dataset (oligodendrocytes from merged Cd74tdT tdT-positive sorted and Cd74tdT tdT-negative sorted dataset, or oligodendrocyte cluster 5 from the olidogendrocyte dataset) and repeating above analysis on just the subsetted cells.

Data integration and comparison

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Raw counts for the previously published dataset by Falcão et al., 2018, were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession GSE113973. Annotation for the same dataset was retrieved from the UCSC cell browser (Speir et al., 2021) under accession ‘oligo-lineage-ms’ including which cells and genes were retained in the final published dataset as well as which cluster, mouse model, and condition each cell belonged to. The raw count data was then subsetted to only include the genes and cells that were present in the UCSC cell browser. The counts were then log normalized with Seurat and integrated with the oligodendrocyte subset of the merged Cd74tdT dataset. First, the top 2000 shared variable genes were identified and used to find anchors with canonical correlation analysis (Stuart et al., 2019). The two datasets were then integrated with the Seurat function IntegrateData based on these anchors. The newly formed integrated dataset was then scaled and we performed PCA dimensionality reduction followed by UMAP reduction using the first 17 principal components.

Statistical analysis

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GraphPad Prism software was used for statistical analysis. For flow cytometry data unpaired t-tests were used to compare groups. For EAE lesion analysis unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test was used to compare groups given the variation in clinical scores combined into one group. For comparison of same animal lesion to non-lesion a paired Wilcoxon t-test was used. Simple linear regression was used for comparison of Olig2+tdT+ cells to EAE clinical score, mean tdT gray value, and mean percentage of area/density of CD45 staining.

Data availability

Sequencing data has been deposited in GEO under the accession code GSE213739. Code used to analyze sequencing data is provided as Source Code 1. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in manuscript source data files.

The following data sets were generated
    1. Harrington EP
    2. Catenacci RB
    3. Smith MD
    4. Heo D
    5. Miller C
    6. Meyers KR
    7. Glatzer J
    8. Bergles DE
    9. Calabresi PA
    (2022) NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus
    ID GSE213739. MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE213739
The following previously published data sets were used
    1. Castelo-Branco G
    2. Falcão AM
    3. van Bruggen D
    4. Marques S
    5. Agirre E
    6. Meijer M
    7. Jäkel S
    8. Cacais AO
    9. Vanichkina D
    10. Floriddia EM
    11. ffrench-Constant C
    12. Williams A
    (2018) NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus
    ID GSE113973. Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells express immunoprotective and adaptive immunity genes in multiple sclerosis.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE113973

References

    1. Zaidi MR
    2. Liebermann DA
    (2022) Gadd45 in senescence
    Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1360:109–116.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_8

Decision letter

  1. Tatyana Chtanova
    Reviewing Editor; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia
  2. Carla V Rothlin
    Senior Editor; Yale University, United States
  3. Goncalo Castelo-Branco
    Reviewer
  4. Tim Vartanian
    Reviewer; Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States

Our editorial process produces two outputs: (i) public reviews designed to be posted alongside the preprint for the benefit of readers; (ii) feedback on the manuscript for the authors, including requests for revisions, shown below. We also include an acceptance summary that explains what the editors found interesting or important about the work.

Decision letter after peer review:

Thank you for submitting your article "MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis" for consideration by eLife. Your article has been reviewed by 3 peer reviewers, and the evaluation has been overseen by a Reviewing Editor and Carla Rothlin as the Senior Editor. The following individuals involved in the review of your submission have agreed to reveal their identity: Goncalo Castelo-Branco (Reviewer #1); Tim Vartanian (Reviewer #3).

The reviewers have discussed their reviews with one another, and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this to help you prepare a revised submission.

Essential revisions:

1. The authors should explain the rationale for selecting B2m and Cd74, instead of other genes involved in these pathways.

2. MHC I has been traditionally described as expressed in all nucleated cells (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1783040/), although recent single-cell RNA-Seq studies suggest that this might not be the case. The data presented by the authors suggest that indeed activation of MHC I expression might be restricted, and it would be good if the authors discuss this aspect in relation to the current literature.

3. In Figure 1c, the difference observed in CD74-TdT is of much lower magnitude than B2m-TdT, could the authors comment on the reason why they think this is the case?

4. Line 162 – "B2m transcripts are upregulated in Cux2 expressing cortical layer II/II pyramidal neurons in human MS, which are susceptible to neurodegeneration3. Expression of MHC class I by these neurons may allow them to present antigen and render them more prone to death in inflammatory conditions." This is most likely referring to Supplementary Figure 4j, but no Cux2 staining to identify this cortical layer is provided. Also, it should be cortical layer II/III, not cortical layer II/II.

5. The authors perform several quantifications of the lesion and non-lesion areas, but only mention DAPI hypercellularity to define a lesion, more details should be provided. Also, how many lesions were quantified per mouse, and which regions of the brain and spinal cord? Also, whenever the authors present a high-magnification view of lesions (e.g. Figure 2), it would be good to present a lower magnification image of the same region, to orient the reader.

6. While the authors present a supplementary video to confirm the colocalization of TdT and oligodendrocyte markers, it would be good to present Z-stacks of the images in Figure 2c. Also, the authors should describe in the methods the parameters by which they define which cells are double positive.

7. The authors find that the % of TdT+ Olig2+ cells out of Olig2+ cells was around 0.6% in the spinal cord, while Falcao and colleagues (Nature Medicine 2018) found this percentage to be 3-4%. The authors can discuss possible reasons for these differences.

8. In line 222 and Figure 2F, the authors indicate that the number of OPCs expressing TdT is much lower than CC1+ positive cells. It would be interesting to discuss why this might be the case and the possible implications of this difference.

9. Figure 2I-J – The differences observed are borderline significant and very variable between lesions and non-lesions. Also in J, representative images are shown from different EAE scores.

10. Given that most of the EAE pathology occurs in the spinal cord, it is surprising that the authors present their single-cell studies with brain samples. In the Material and Methods, the spinal cord is also mentioned, with challenges in the sample preparation. The authors can integrate their dataset with other similar EAE datasets (Falcao et al., Nature Medicine 2018, Wheeler et al., Nature 2020) to compare the properties of the MHC1+ and/ or MHC2+ oligodendroglia (and astrocytes) they identify with the immune oligodendroglia and altered astrocytes in these datasets. Also, while the purpose of the single-cell experiment is to confirm the transcriptional identity of the TdT cells, which the authors succeed to do, it appears that n=1, and additional biological replicates would be recommended.

11. From Figure 3G and 3K, it appears that cluster 5 can be subclustered in 2 subpopulations, have the authors attempted to perform further subclustering?

12. The authors mention in the methods the redundancy in the TdT sequencing. Did this constitute a problem for the detection of the TdT transcripts in the single-cell analysis?

13. No code for the single-cell RNA-Seq analysis is provided and more information regarding QC (number of UMIs, % mitochondrial genes, etc) should be included.

14. Many of the images have low resolution and are thus difficult to examine. In particular, Figure 1 would benefit of higher resolution images for instance at the lesion areas, so the reader can observe the labelling in individual cells.

15. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 is completely missing.

16. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 – can the authors show the expression of additional oligodendrocytes markers, such as PLP1, CNP, Mog, Mag, and transcription factors as Olig1 and Olig2, to further assess which type of transcripts are contaminating/being phagocytized by non-oligodendroglial cells.

17. In Figure and Supplementary Figure legends, please state the n for each experiment shown and how many times the experiment was replicated.

18. The Material and Methods part regarding animals should include much more detail and follow the ARRIVE guidelines as much as possible. Please clarify the methods for the flow experiments described in 1 C-E. Was there an analysis of myelin?

19. In general, the manuscript is difficult to navigate, with much of the information in supplementary figures. We would recommend the authors reorganize the manuscript text and figures accordingly.

20. The presence of the 2A self-cleaving peptide should be highlighted when describing the reporter genes so that the reader can better understand reporter expression from the constructs.

21. The authors demonstrate the presence of the reporter fusion proteins on Western blot. Does the tomato portion need to be released from the fusion to provide fluorescence or is the presence of the fusion sufficient?

22. B2m and CD74 are necessary for cell surface expression of class I and II, respectively. Do the fusions influence (disrupt) cell surface class I or class II expression in reporter mice?

23. Some comment on astrocyte expression, or lack thereof, of the reporters in the inflammatory models examined would be of interest.

24. The mouse models report on class I and class II expression, which in turn report on the presence of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-γ. Please comment on the spatial distribution of reporter-expressing cells in the CNS of their inflammatory models relative to the location of the immune cell infiltrates. This would provide some insight into the diffusion of the inflammatory cytokines away from the infiltrates.

25. Figure 1, please show boxed regions of interest for the merged images shown below F and G at high power so we can decern at a minimum leptomeninges from parenchyma and overlapping from non-overlapping fluorescence (probably ventrolateral cord).

26. The ventral brain/meningeal cluster would be better emphasized as a separate figure devoted to the brain.

27. It would be nice to show it in conjunction with the expression of CD74-TdT and B2m-TdT. Is the meningeal CD74-TdT expression in Figure 1 Supp 3F (baseline) more extensive than in Figure 1F (EAE score 0)?

28. In Figure 1 supp 4, B2m-TdT expression seems extensive in the cortex (more than just layer 2) and in the corpus callosum.

29. Are B2m-TdT and NeuN non-overlapping in the cortex (1 supp 4J)? If so, what lineage is B2m-TdT positive in 4J? What cell types are accounting for the intense B2m-TdT signal in the corpus callosum at baseline? What is the nature of the spindle-shaped cells that are Iba1 negative, B2m-TdT positive in the spinal cord (Figure 1 supp 4E)? What is the cell type in the CD74-TdT meningeal clusters in the brain (1I)?

30. In Figure 2, please provide the HPF of the B2m-TdT glial culture with IFNγ (2A). The TdT signal in 2B seems highly polarized relative to olig2 – is this a consistent finding? For 2C, it would be helpful to see the olig2 (green) unmerged images. Does the quantitation of TdT+/Olig2+ cells in the EAE spinal cord (2D) refer to total spinal cord or lesions? Similarly, for 2H, is this quantification lesion-based or total cord? How were ROI's determined for the quantitative data in Figure 2 (Please include this in the methods)? For 2F please make it somehow clearer that the y-axis is PDGFR (-).

31. Why was the brain used for the scRNA seq in Figure 3 as opposed to the spinal cord? Was this analysis done on samples at a particular EAE stage? In the results text can you either cite or explain bias based on the efficiency of generating viable single cells for different cell populations? Similarly, would the immune-oligodendroglial cluster potentially be less viable since it is already considered stressed and thus the relative size underestimated? How do the oligodendrocyte subclusters differ by CD74-TdT expression?

32. The discussion on the highest MHC I expressing oligodendrocyte subcluster is very interesting (proteosome, PD-L1) and I would recommend expanding this discussion since this cluster is the focus of the paper.

33. In the heat map (3K) I'm trying to understand what the individual vertical bars for a particular cluster and class II gene represent? Technical replicates? Experimental replicates? Perhaps p values are needed?

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

The manuscript is acceptable for publication in eLife, although there are several points the authors will need to address:

– The authors should explain the rationale for selecting B2m and Cd74, instead of other genes involved in these pathways.

– MHC I has been traditionally described to be expressed in all nucleated cells (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1783040/), although recent single-cell RNA-Seq studies suggest that this might not be the case. The data presented by the authors suggest that indeed activation of MHC I expression might be restricted, and it would be good if the authors discuss this aspect in relation to the current literature.

– In Figure 1c, the difference observed in CD74-TdT is of much lower magnitude than B2m-TdT, could the authors comment on the reason why they think this is the case?

– Line 162 – "B2m transcripts are upregulated in Cux2 expressing cortical layer II/II pyramidal neurons in human MS, which are susceptible to neurodegeneration3. Expression of MHC class I by these neurons may allow them to present antigen and render them more prone to death in inflammatory conditions." This is most likely referring to Supplementary Figure 4j, but no Cux2 staining to identify this cortical layer is provided. Also, it should be cortical layer II/III, not cortical layer II/II.

– The authors perform several quantifications of the lesion and non-lesion areas, but only mention DAPI hypercellularity to define a lesion, more details should be provided. Also, how many lesions were quantified per mouse, and which regions of the brain and spinal cord? Also, whenever the authors present a high-magnification view of lesions (e.g. Figure 2), it would be good to present a lower magnification image of the same region, to orient the reader.

– While the authors present a supplementary video to confirm the colocalization of TdT and oligodendrocyte markers, it would be good to present Z-stacks of the images in Figure 2c. Also, the authors should describe in the methods the parameters by which they define which cells are double positive.

– The authors find that the % of TdT+ Olig2+ cells out of Olig2+ cells was around 0.6% in the spinal cord, while Falcao and colleagues (Nature Medicine 2018) found this percentage to be 3-4%. The authors can discuss possible reasons for these differences.

– In line 222 and Figure 2F, the authors indicate that the number of OPCs expressing TdT is much lower than CC1+ positive cells. It would be interesting to discuss why this might be the case and the possible implications of this difference.

– Figure 2I-J – The differences observed are borderline significant and very variable between lesions and non-lesions. Also in J, representative images are shown from different EAE scores.

– Given that most of the EAE pathology occurs in the spinal cord, it is surprising that the authors present their single-cell studies with brain samples. In the Material and Methods, the spinal cord is also mentioned, with challenges in the sample preparation. The authors can integrate their dataset with other similar EAE datasets (Falcao et al., Nature Medicine 2018, Wheeler et al., Nature 2020) to compare the properties of the MHC1+ and/ or MHC2+ oligodendroglia (and astrocytes) they identify with the immune oligodendroglia and altered astrocytes in these datasets. Also, while the purpose of the single-cell experiment is to confirm the transcriptional identity of the TdT cells, which the authors succeed to do, it appears that n=1 and additional biological replicates would be recommended.

– From Figure 3G and 3K, it appears that cluster 5 can be subclustered in 2 subpopulations, have the authors attempted to perform further subclustering?

– The authors mention in the methods the redundancy in the TdT sequencing. Did this constitute a problem for the detection of the TdT transcripts in the single-cell analysis?

– No code for the single cell RNA-Seq analysis is provided and more information regarding QC (number of UMIs, % mitochondrial genes, etc) should be included.

– Many of the images have low resolution and are thus difficult to examine. In particular, Figure 1 would benefit from higher resolution images for instance at the lesion areas, so the reader can observe the labelling in individual cells.

– Figure 3—figure supplement 3 is completely missing.

– Figure 3—figure supplement 4 – can the authors show the expression of additional oligodendrocytes markers, such as PLP1, CNP, Mog, Mag, and transcription factors as Olig1 and Olig2, to further assess which type of transcripts are contaminating/being phagocytized by non-oligodendroglial cells.

– In Figure and Supplementary Figure legends, please state the number of ns corresponding to the representative figures.

– The Material and Methods part regarding animals should include much more detail and follow the ARRIVE guidelines as much as possible.

– In general, the manuscript is difficult to navigate, with much of the information in supplementary figures. We would recommend the authors reorganize the manuscript text and figures accordingly.

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors):

I think for Figure 1, I would like to see boxed regions of interest for the merged images shown below F and G at high power so we can decern at a minimum leptomeninges from parenchyma and overlapping from non-overlapping fluorescence (probably ventrolateral cord). I think the ventral brain/meningeal cluster would be better emphasized as a separate figure devoted to brain. Can you please include the n for each experiment shown and let us know how many times the experiment was replicated? In the methods, I did not see the methods for the flow experiments described in 1 C-E. Was there an analysis of myelin or is that planned for future experiments? I am not asking for this to be done but if you do have the data it would be nice to show in conjunction with the expression of CD74-TdT and B2m-TdT. Is the meningeal CD74-TdT expression in Figure 1 Supp 3F (baseline) more extensive than in Figure 1F (EAE score 0) – is this real or am I misreading the data? In Figure 1 supp 4, B2m-TdT expression seems extensive in the cortex (more than just layer 2) and in the corpus callosum. Are B2m-TdT and NeuN non-overlapping in the cortex (1 supp 4J)? If so, what lineage is B2m-TdT positive in 4J? What cell types are accounting for the intense B2m-TdT signal in the corpus callosum at baseline? What is the nature of the spindle-shaped cells that are Iba1 negative, B2m-TdT positive in the spinal cord (Figure 1 supp 4E)? What is the cell type in the CD74-TdT meningeal clusters in the brain (1I)?

The data in Figure 2 are central to the overall concept. Would like to see the HPF of the B2m-TdT glial culture with IFNγ (2A). The TdT signal in 2B seems highly polarized relative to olig2 – is this a consistent finding? For 2C, it would be helpful to see the olig2 (green) unmerged images. Does the quantitation of TdT+/Olig2+ cells in the EAE spinal cord (2D) refer to total spinal cord or lesions? Similarly, for 2H, is this quantification lesion-based or total cord? How were ROI's determined for the quantitative data in Figure 2 (Please include this in the methods)? For 2F please make it somehow clearer that the y-axis is PDGFR (-).

Why was the brain used for the scRNA seq in Figure 3 as opposed to the spinal cord? Was this analysis done on samples at a particular EAE stage? In the results text can you either cite or explain bias based on the efficiency of generating viable single cells for different cell populations? Similarly, would the immune-oligodendroglial cluster potentially be less viable since it is already considered stressed and thus the relative size underestimated? I may have missed this but how do the oligodendrocyte subclusters differ by CD74-TdT expression? The discussion on the highest MHC I expressing oligodendrocyte subcluster is very interesting (proteosome, PD-L1) and I would recommend expanding this discussion since this cluster is the focus of the paper. In the heat map (3K) I'm trying to understand what the individual vertical bars for a particular cluster and class II gene represent. Technical replicates? Experimental replicates? Perhaps p values are needed?

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82938.sa1

Author response

Essential revisions:

1. The authors should explain the rationale for selecting B2m and Cd74, instead of other genes involved in these pathways.

We chose these MHC associated genes due to previous lines of evidence from in vitro OPC culture, in vivo mouse models, and human MS tissue that these transcripts are upregulated in oligodendroglia in response to inflammation, and because the degree of upregulation of transcript activity from minimal expression at baseline to much higher expression levels in the setting of inflammation was desirable for signal to noise. B2m was also chosen as a readout for both classical and non-classical MHC class I activity; Cd74 is complementary, as the MHC class II invariant chain. We have added additional text (line 66) to indicate the rationale for choosing these genes for reporter generation.

2. MHC I has been traditionally described as expressed in all nucleated cells (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1783040/), although recent single-cell RNA-Seq studies suggest that this might not be the case. The data presented by the authors suggest that indeed activation of MHC I expression might be restricted, and it would be good if the authors discuss this aspect in relation to the current literature.

We appreciate the opportunity to expand on this concept. While all nucleated cells express MHC I, it has been known for some time that specific cells can increase MHC expression in response to viral infection or inflammatory stimuli especially IFNγ. A major impetus for making the MHC reporter mice was recent observations in human postmortem MS tissue and in EAE that subsets of glia, most notably oligodendrocyte lineage cells, had expression of MHC I, which may allow them to propagate CNS immune responses, but also then be targeted by CD8 T cells for cytotoxic cell death. This finding has implications for understanding why remyelination fails and why in some MS cases there is a paucity of OPCs. As with most advances in science, the observation is not entirely novel and there are data supporting enhanced MHC expression on oligodendrocyte lineage cells in response to sterile inflammation going back more than ten years, but the confluence of recent papers reporting this in MS tissues and the EAE model using single nucleus RNAseq has garnered widespread interest in the neuroscience community. We have added further discussion regarding this topic and the potential for neuronal MHC expression in the revised manuscript Line 332.

3. In Figure 1c, the difference observed in CD74-TdT is of much lower magnitude than B2m-TdT, could the authors comment on the reason why they think this is the case?

Figure 1C illustrates blood phenotyping for reporter animals sorted on all CD45-positive cells. Cd74 and MHC class II expression at baseline is only present in small populations of blood circulating immune cells. The flow histogram is indicating tdT expression in all CD45+ cells in the peripheral blood and there is a large population of tdT-negative cells in peripheral blood. Blood phenotyping was used in conjunction with PCR genotyping to identify reporter mice.

4. Line 162 – "B2m transcripts are upregulated in Cux2 expressing cortical layer II/II pyramidal neurons in human MS, which are susceptible to neurodegeneration3. Expression of MHC class I by these neurons may allow them to present antigen and render them more prone to death in inflammatory conditions." This is most likely referring to Supplementary Figure 4j, but no Cux2 staining to identify this cortical layer is provided. Also, it should be cortical layer II/III, not cortical layer II/II.

We attempted Cux2 immunostaining in response to this reviewer suggestion, but were unsuccessful with the commercial antibodies we tried. Therefore, we removed this comment from the manuscript.

5. The authors perform several quantifications of the lesion and non-lesion areas, but only mention DAPI hypercellularity to define a lesion, more details should be provided. Also, how many lesions were quantified per mouse, and which regions of the brain and spinal cord? Also, whenever the authors present a high-magnification view of lesions (e.g. Figure 2), it would be good to present a lower magnification image of the same region, to orient the reader.

We have provided further clarification in our methods about the regions of interest that were examined, the number of sections and regions of interest quantified per mouse (Methods, starting Line 529) and lesion analysis (Line 542). We have updated the figures to include representative examples of lower power images that were quantified for region of interest analysis. These panels are Figure 7B and Figure 7E for spinal cord and Figure 8C for brain. We have also added representative images of DAPI and CD45 hypercellular region compared to DAPI non-hypercellular region in Figure 7E. DAPI hypercellularity correlated with CD45 infiltrates in this additional staining.

6. While the authors present a supplementary video to confirm the colocalization of TdT and oligodendrocyte markers, it would be good to present Z-stacks of the images in Figure 2c. Also, the authors should describe in the methods the parameters by which they define which cells are double positive.

We provide Z-stack single images in Figure 8- source data 1. We have provided additional description about the quantification of Olig2+tdT+ cells in spinal cord and brain images in Methods, Line 529.

7. The authors find that the % of TdT+ Olig2+ cells out of Olig2+ cells was around 0.6% in the spinal cord, while Falcao and colleagues (Nature Medicine 2018) found this percentage to be 3-4%. The authors can discuss possible reasons for these differences.

In our study, the percentage of tdT+Olig2+ cells varied with the degree of inflammation and inflammatory model. In MOG35-55 EAE, the average %tdT+Olig2+ was 6% for B2mtdT and 0.6% for Cd74tdT in the spinal cord, and 6% for B2mtdT and 0.5% for Cd74tdT in the brain. For our EAE analysis we included animals that ranged from clinical score 1.5-3.5, which allowed our study to determine if higher clinical scores were correlated more MHC+ oligodendroglia, which is what we found on an individual animal level both with clinical scores and tdT+ intensity in ROIs as an overall readout of inflammatory activity. The percentage of MHC+ oligodendroglia ranged from 1-17% in B2mTdT and 0.1-1.4% in Cd74tdT EAE spinal cord. Models with high degrees of inflammatory infiltrate in the corpus callosum (AT-CUP) had higher percentages of tdT+Olig2+ cells, with a mean of 17% (range 3-34%) in B2mTdT and 1% (range 0.2-3.8%) in Cd74tdT AT-CUP brain. Thus, we found similar percentages to prior studies in animals with higher clinical scores and the degree of inflammatory activity on an individual animal basis correlated with MHC+ oligodendroglia across animals. We have also included brain regional breakdown, which revealed a higher percentage of MHC+ oligodendroglia in areas of higher inflammatory infiltrates in respective models: Figure 8—figure supplement 1B-D.

It is likely that the percentage of MHC+ oligodendroglia can differ when comparing quantification from different techniques, such as IHC staining and cells isolated for single-cell RNA sequencing. Tissue dissociation and steps involved in isolating cells from CNS tissue may introduce biases in quantification. When sorting tdT-positive cells from CD74tdT EAE brain, 3% of subclustered oligodendroglia were from the MHC class II Cd74tdT tdT+ sorted population, compared to a mean of 0.5% quantification from the EAE brain regional analysis; however, this varied on an individual animal basis and also by brain region. Quantification of MHC+ oligodendroglia previously published by Falcao et al. was based on mRNA transcript level and not protein or reporter expression, which could contribute to the differences in proportion of MHC expressing oligodendroglia.

8. In line 222 and Figure 2F, the authors indicate that the number of OPCs expressing TdT is much lower than CC1+ positive cells. It would be interesting to discuss why this might be the case and the possible implications of this difference.

We have added additional quantification of MHC+ OPCs based on PDGFRa expression to the analysis, as CC1 was not reliable in EAE tissue, showing high background and expression on some immune cells. We expanded the tissue quantified to include baseline, pre-symptomatic and symptomatic EAE tissue to determine if there is a loss of MHC+ OPCs with higher inflammatory activity and added this quantification to Figure 7J and Figure 7—figure supplement 1B-D. We found similar percentages of MHC+ OPCs across these conditions and did not find a correlation between the %PDGFRa+tdT+ cells and clinical score, overall %tdT+Olig2+ cells, or mean tdT intensity, suggesting there may not be a loss of MHC+ OPCs with higher inflammatory activity at the timepoints observed in this model. We have added additional discussion to the Results (starting on Line 167).

9. Figure 2I-J – The differences observed are borderline significant and very variable between lesions and non-lesions. Also in J, representative images are shown from different EAE scores.

The reviewer refers to lesion compared to non-lesion analysis. As we included animals with clinical score > 0 in our analysis, the degree of MHC+ oligodendroglia varied across animals and was positively correlated with higher clinical scores and the level of inflammatory activity. Expansion of this dataset allowed us to investigate differences in MHC expression in relation to EAE severity and inflammatory infiltrate. We provide additional description in the Methods (line 542) describing EAE lesion compared to non-lesion analysis and updated the figure to increase the n for lesion and non-lesion ROIs (Figure 7F). We have also included representative images from lesion compared to non-lesion areas in an individual animal in Figure7E.

10. Given that most of the EAE pathology occurs in the spinal cord, it is surprising that the authors present their single-cell studies with brain samples. In the Material and Methods, the spinal cord is also mentioned, with challenges in the sample preparation. The authors can integrate their dataset with other similar EAE datasets (Falcao et al., Nature Medicine 2018, Wheeler et al., Nature 2020) to compare the properties of the MHC1+ and/ or MHC2+ oligodendroglia (and astrocytes) they identify with the immune oligodendroglia and altered astrocytes in these datasets. Also, while the purpose of the single-cell experiment is to confirm the transcriptional identity of the TdT cells, which the authors succeed to do, it appears that n=1, and additional biological replicates would be recommended.

Unfortunately, we were not allowed to sort samples for over two hours using the core flow cytometer. Given this limitation, our spinal cord samples with higher myelin debris content were not sorted by the core facility, despite performing two rounds of myelin debris removal and optimizing our sample preparation. For our single cell RNA-seq experiments, 3 biological animal replicates were used for B2mtdT and 4 biological animal replicates were used for Cd74tdT. Animals were sacrificed at one time-point with clinical scores indicated in the Methods (Line 627). Biological replicates were pooled after flow cytometry for single cell sequencing.

In response to the reviewer comment regarding integration of previously published datasets, we performed additional analysis of our EAE brain oligodendroglial subclustering with Falcao et al. Nature Medicine 2018 EAE spinal cord oligodendroglial subclustering with methods described in line 703. We added an additional two figures Figure 11 and Figure 11—figure supplement 1 comparing our mouse EAE dataset with Falcao et al. mouse EAE dataset. Our dataset largely overlaps with the Falcao et al. dataset, with the exception of a paucity of OPCs – which we believe is due to enrichment of OPCs and lineage-traced OPCs with GFP reporter lines that were used in Falcao et al. dataset. Transcripts that were enriched in our subclusters also demonstrated enrichment in corresponding Falcao et al. clusters, based on location in UMAP of integrated datasets. Comparison of the two datasets offered insights into cluster 1, which was predominantly found in naïve EAE mouse in the Falcao et al. dataset and did not demonstrate enrichment of immunoproteasome, class II and class II transcripts, which we hypothesize represents a homeostatic OL population. Subclusters with higher MHC class I, MHC class II and cell stress transcripts were predominantly clustered separately from clusters enriched in naïve mice in Falcao et al. dataset and our cluster 1- homeostatic cluster.

11. From Figure 3G and 3K, it appears that cluster 5 can be subclustered in 2 subpopulations, have the authors attempted to perform further subclustering?

We indeed found that cluster 5 could be split into two clusters, which is noted in updated Figure 10 as 5.1 and 5.2. These clusters differed in terms of class II transcripts, with cluster 5.1 having relative enrichment compared to 5.2.

12. The authors mention in the methods the redundancy in the TdT sequencing. Did this constitute a problem for the detection of the TdT transcripts in the single-cell analysis?

tdT redundancy was a problem in sequencing of gel purified bands isolated from genomic DNA, but was not a problem for single cell sequencing. We were able to detect high levels of tdT transcripts in tdT+ sorted cells, as shown in Figure 9C, F.

13. No code for the single-cell RNA-Seq analysis is provided and more information regarding QC (number of UMIs, % mitochondrial genes, etc) should be included.

We have provided QC metrics from our dataset as a source data file (Figure 9-source data 2) and QC protocols and metrics were also added to the Methods (starting at Line 666). We have provided the code for our single cell analysis as a source data file (Figure 9- source data 3).

14. Many of the images have low resolution and are thus difficult to examine. In particular, Figure 1 would benefit of higher resolution images for instance at the lesion areas, so the reader can observe the labelling in individual cells.

We apologize for this issue, which occurred during formatting. We have updated the figures with higher resolution images.

15. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 is completely missing.

Figure 3 —figure supplement 3 was source data for our differential transcript analysis and is provided now as separate source data excel files for the corresponding figures.

16. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 – can the authors show the expression of additional oligodendrocytes markers, such as PLP1, CNP, Mog, Mag, and transcription factors as Olig1 and Olig2, to further assess which type of transcripts are contaminating/being phagocytized by non-oligodendroglial cells.

We have added expression of additional myelin, Olig1, and Olig2 transcripts to Figure 10—figure supplement 1, as suggested.

17. In Figure and Supplementary Figure legends, please state the n for each experiment shown and how many times the experiment was replicated.

N values were added to figures and additional clarification is now indicated in the Methods. We have also provided all of the EAE IHC data used for quantification in additional source data of corresponding figures.

18. The Material and Methods part regarding animals should include much more detail and follow the ARRIVE guidelines as much as possible. Please clarify the methods for the flow experiments described in 1 C-E. Was there an analysis of myelin?

We have added additional information regarding the number of animals and experimental replicates for all experiments in the methods.

19. In general, the manuscript is difficult to navigate, with much of the information in supplementary figures. We would recommend the authors reorganize the manuscript text and figures accordingly.

We appreciate this comment and have reorganized the figures accordingly.

20. The presence of the 2A self-cleaving peptide should be highlighted when describing the reporter genes so that the reader can better understand reporter expression from the constructs.

We added a description of P2A function to Line 73 to help with describing this construct and the reporter expression.

21. The authors demonstrate the presence of the reporter fusion proteins on Western blot. Does the tomato portion need to be released from the fusion to provide fluorescence or is the presence of the fusion sufficient?

We are not able to determine the difference in fluorescence between fusion and cleavage Cd74tdT Cd74 protein without a method to differentiate these two protein isoforms in vitro or in vivo. We expect that based on high levels of tdT fluorescence found in Cd74tdT reporter animals and only 10-20% of Cd74 protein represented as fusion protein length on western blots that the presence of this fusion protein likely does not impact reporter expression and that 80-90% of the Cd74 is efficiently cleaved by P2A, which is sufficient for robust reporter expression. We have performed additional experiments assessing antigen presentation by Cd74TdT splenocytes to OT-II CD4 T cells in Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Notably, there was no difference between wild-type and Cd74tdT splenocytes in influencing CD4 T cell proliferation and activation, suggesting that the fusion protein does not impact Cd74 function, at least in terms of antigen presentation.

22. B2m and CD74 are necessary for cell surface expression of class I and II, respectively. Do the fusions influence (disrupt) cell surface class I or class II expression in reporter mice?

We did not detect fusion proteins in B2mtdT reporter animals. Cd7tTdT reporter animals did have 10-20% of Cd74 protein in spleen as a fusion protein. We think it is unlikely that the presence of a small amount of fusion protein influences MHC expression, as we saw robust reporter expression in cell types with known MHC class II and reporter expression co-localized with MHC class II (IA-IE) that was induced in the setting of inflammation.

23. Some comment on astrocyte expression, or lack thereof, of the reporters in the inflammatory models examined would be of interest.

We have added an additional figure investigating astrocyte expression of reporters in EAE in Figure 7—figure supplement 2. Astrocyte expression of both reporters, defined with Sox9 to label astrocytes, was observed in EAE spinal cord tissue.

24. The mouse models report on class I and class II expression, which in turn report on the presence of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-γ. Please comment on the spatial distribution of reporter-expressing cells in the CNS of their inflammatory models relative to the location of the immune cell infiltrates. This would provide some insight into the diffusion of the inflammatory cytokines away from the infiltrates.

This is an interesting question. We assessed regional and lesional differences in the location of reporter positive cells. For EAE spinal cord lesions there was a significant increase in B2mtdT positive oligodendroglia in lesions compared to non-lesions across the same animal (Figure 7F). For Cd74tdT, the higher clinical score animals demonstrated a trend for enrichment of tdT+ oligodendroglia, but this did not reach significance in the whole cohort, individual animal comparison. We also added analysis of whole spinal cord sections with CD45 percent area covered of each cord section compared to %tdT+Olig2+ cells for that section (Figure 7G). We observed a positive correlation between %tdT+Olig2+ cells and CD45 density in B2mtdT EAE spinal cord but observed no correlation in Cd74tdT tissue, in line with our lesion vs. non-lesion regional analysis.

For analysis of other inflammatory models such as AT-CUP, we expanded our analysis to include a regional breakdown of tdT+ oligodendroglia in the brain across inflammatory models (EAE, AT, CUP, AT-CUP) to determine if there was a regional enrichment in areas of inflammatory infiltrates (Figure 8I and Figure 8—figure supplement 1B-C). We observed an enrichment of tdT+ oligodendroglia in B2mtdT animals in areas with most prominent inflammatory infiltrates in each model; for cuprizone, the majority of tdT+ oligodendroglia were present in the corpus callosum, whereas in EAE the majority of tdT+ oligodendroglia were located in the ventral brain, notable for tdT+ meningeal clusters (Figure 5 A,B,D,E).

25. Figure 1, please show boxed regions of interest for the merged images shown below F and G at high power so we can decern at a minimum leptomeninges from parenchyma and overlapping from non-overlapping fluorescence (probably ventrolateral cord).

Thank you for this comment, we apologize for the poor resolution that occurred when importing figures. We have fixed this issue with a higher resolution version and included panels for cropped images in ventrolateral cord to illustrate Iba1/tdT staining for EAE spinal cord. In revised figures this is found in Figure 4 farthest panels on right.

26. The ventral brain/meningeal cluster would be better emphasized as a separate figure devoted to the brain.

We have provided an updated Figure 5 for the brain, demonstrating meningeal clusters for both reporters with animals of different scores and at baseline.

27. It would be nice to show it in conjunction with the expression of CD74-TdT and B2m-TdT. Is the meningeal CD74-TdT expression in Figure 1 Supp 3F (baseline) more extensive than in Figure 1F (EAE score 0)?

We have now included a baseline image comparing pre-clinical (EAE score 0) expression patterns in Figure 5. The meningeal expression was not notable at clinical score 0 animals in either reporter line.

28. In Figure 1 supp 4, B2m-TdT expression seems extensive in the cortex (more than just layer 2) and in the corpus callosum.

We agree with this comment. The more extensive expression appears to be neutrophil expression: aside from immunostaining for Iba1, vasculature, and NeuN, we did not observe any other cell types that could be accounting for this expression. When performing confocal imaging of these sections using these labeling methods, the remaining expression was diffuse, (see Figure 3C, L).

29. Are B2m-TdT and NeuN non-overlapping in the cortex (1 supp 4J)? If so, what lineage is B2m-TdT positive in 4J? What cell types are accounting for the intense B2m-TdT signal in the corpus callosum at baseline? What is the nature of the spindle-shaped cells that are Iba1 negative, B2m-TdT positive in the spinal cord (Figure 1 supp 4E)? What is the cell type in the CD74-TdT meningeal clusters in the brain (1I)?

B2m and NeuN colocalize in the cortex (Figure 3L). We attempted to perform Cux2 staining for this layer, but were unsuccessful with the commercial antibodies we tried. The spindle-shaped cells in Figure 3F striatum are endothelial cells/structure that are CD31 positive (Figure 3E). The corpus callosum meningeal cluster in Figure 5C had some microglia (TMEM119+Iba1+) and likely peripheral infiltrating macrophages that were TMEM119-Iba1+, (Figure 5G). In flow cytometry of Cd74tdT EAE, brain infiltrating Clec12a+ infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia both exhibited tdT+ expression, with infiltrating myeloid cells having higher tdT expression compared to microglia (Figure 6B).

30. In Figure 2, please provide the HPF of the B2m-TdT glial culture with IFNγ (2A). The TdT signal in 2B seems highly polarized relative to olig2 – is this a consistent finding? For 2C, it would be helpful to see the olig2 (green) unmerged images. Does the quantitation of TdT+/Olig2+ cells in the EAE spinal cord (2D) refer to total spinal cord or lesions? Similarly, for 2H, is this quantification lesion-based or total cord? How were ROI's determined for the quantitative data in Figure 2 (Please include this in the methods)? For 2F please make it somehow clearer that the y-axis is PDGFR (-).

We have provided high power images of a B2mtdT glial culture in Figure 1I. It does appear that some OPCs have areas of higher tdT expression opposing Olig2, although this did not seem consistent across all OPCs in culture. For EAE confocal imaging, we have added Olig2 unmerged images (Figure 7A far right panel). Quantification of EAE spinal cord refers to total ROI mean with ROIs now depicted in Figure 7C. A detailed description of ROI quantification and number of ROIs has been added to the Methods (Line 529). We have also provided a spreadsheet of quantification of all ROIs, sections and animals for EAE and other inflammatory models analyzed in Figure 7-source data 1 and Figure 8- source data 2. Similarly, 2H, now Figure 7H is total ROI mean. For lesional analysis, we categorized images at lesion or non-lesion based on DAPI hypercellularity for 8-9 reporter animals and compared lesion to non-lesion ROIs across individual animals for Figure 7F. We also added an additional analysis of a small cohort of higher scoring EAE animals (3 animals per reporter) and performed CD45 staining and quantified CD45 intensity across the whole spinal cord section compared to whole section %tdT+Olig2+ cells (Figure 7G and Figure 7—figure supplement 1B-C). On a sectional basis, we saw a significant negative correlation between the degree of CD45 intensity and percentage of Cd74tdT tdT+ oligodendroglia, suggesting a possible loss of MHC II+ oligodendroglia in areas of higher inflammatory activity. We adjusted the graph for PDGFRa quantification to reflect PDGFRa+ cells (Figure 7J) and added additional animals to the quantification.

31. Why was the brain used for the scRNA seq in Figure 3 as opposed to the spinal cord? Was this analysis done on samples at a particular EAE stage? In the results text can you either cite or explain bias based on the efficiency of generating viable single cells for different cell populations? Similarly, would the immune-oligodendroglial cluster potentially be less viable since it is already considered stressed and thus the relative size underestimated? How do the oligodendrocyte subclusters differ by CD74-TdT expression?

Due to technical limitations, we used the brain instead of the spinal cord for single cell sequencing. Both brain and spinal cord were dissociated, however the flow cytometry core at JHU refused to sort the spinal cord samples, as the percentage of myelin debris was too high compared to percentage of cells. Despite our attempts to reduce myelin debris with multiple rounds of debris removal kit in optimization experiments prior to sort, we did not reach a level that passed this QC step. For the Cd74tdT experiment, we pooled four animals at 14 days post-immunization with clinical scores of 2.5, 3.,3.5, 3.5. For the B2mtdT experiment, we pooled three animals 13 days post-immunization with clinical scores of 2.5, 4, 4. We used papain for dissociation, as we found this was the best for isolating higher percentages of CNS resident cells and this may not allow for isolation of certain cell types such as astrocytes, we added this to text Line 240. It is possible tdT+ oligodendrocytes were underestimated in our cells isolated by sequencing, however in our Cd74tdT samples that we performed oligodendroglia subclustering the percentage of tdT+ sorted oligodendroglia was 3% compared to tdT- sorted oligodendroglia and this percentage was relatively comparable to percentages found in Cd74tdT EAE brain by IHC, Figure 8—figure supplement 1C. Cd74tdT tdT-positive sorted oligodendroglia were found almost exclusively in cluster 5. We have provided an additional panel to illustrate Cd74 transcript compared Cd74tdT tdT-positive sorted cells in Figure 10F.

32. The discussion on the highest MHC I expressing oligodendrocyte subcluster is very interesting (proteosome, PD-L1) and I would recommend expanding this discussion since this cluster is the focus of the paper.

We added additional discussion about this point (line 314). It is intriguing that MHC class I oligodendroglia are present in high numbers in some of our inflammatory models. We observed that PD-L1 transcript levels were highest in the highest MHC class I transcript clusters. This may suggest MHC class I oligodendroglia are protected from CD8 mediated cytotoxicity.

33. In the heat map (3K) I'm trying to understand what the individual vertical bars for a particular cluster and class II gene represent? Technical replicates? Experimental replicates? Perhaps p values are needed?

Vertical bars represent each oligodendroglial subcluster from Figure 10A and are colored accordingly in the bar. Each vertical line represents individual cells from the clusters. We added violin plots of MHC class II transcript expression in Figure 10G, for additional illustration of these data.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82938.sa2

Article and author information

Author details

  1. Em P Harrington

    1. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    2. The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    3. Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, United States
    Contribution
    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Writing – review and editing
    Contributed equally with
    Riley B Catenacci
    For correspondence
    emily.harrington@osumc.edu
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-6352-8687

  2. Riley B Catenacci

    1. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    2. The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing
    Contributed equally with
    Em P Harrington
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared

  3. Matthew D Smith

    Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared

  4. Dongeun Heo

    The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Conceptualization, Resources, Validation, Methodology
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared

  5. Cecilia E Miller

    Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Formal analysis, Investigation
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0009-0008-4455-436X

  6. Keya R Meyers

    Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Investigation, Writing – review and editing
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared

  7. Jenna Glatzer

    The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Visualization
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-6809-9401

  8. Dwight E Bergles

    1. The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    2. The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-7133-7378

  9. Peter A Calabresi

    1. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    2. The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
    Contribution
    Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared

Funding

National Institutes of Health (NIA AG072305)

  • Dwight E Bergles

National Multiple Sclerosis Society (FAN-1707-28857)

  • Em P Harrington

Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G Adelson Medical Research Foundation

  • Dwight E Bergles

National Science Foundation

  • Riley B Catenacci

National Institutes of Health (R01 NS041435)

  • Peter A Calabresi

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Linsa Orzolek and Tyler Creamer of the JHMI Single Cell & Transcriptomics Core for assistance generating and sequencing scRNAseq libraries. The authors also thank JHU Ross Flow Cytometry Core for assistance with FACs and for the use of four laser Cytek Aurora. The Core Aurora is funded by NIH grant S10OD026859. These studies were supported by grants from the NIH (NIA AG072305 to DEB, R01NS041435 to PAC), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (FAN-1707-28857 to EPH), National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship to RBC, and the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G Adelson Medical Research Foundation to DEB.

Ethics

All animal procedures were performed according to protocols approved by the Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee protocol #MO22M158.

Senior Editor

  1. Carla V Rothlin, Yale University, United States

Reviewing Editor

  1. Tatyana Chtanova, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia

Reviewers

  1. Goncalo Castelo-Branco
  2. Tim Vartanian, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, United States

Publication history

  1. Received: August 24, 2022
  2. Preprint posted: September 28, 2022 (view preprint)
  3. Accepted: April 13, 2023
  4. Accepted Manuscript published: April 14, 2023 (version 1)
  5. Version of Record published: May 12, 2023 (version 2)

Copyright

© 2023, Harrington, Catenacci et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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  1. Em P Harrington
  2. Riley B Catenacci
  3. Matthew D Smith
  4. Dongeun Heo
  5. Cecilia E Miller
  6. Keya R Meyers
  7. Jenna Glatzer
  8. Dwight E Bergles
  9. Peter A Calabresi
(2023)
MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis
eLife 12:e82938.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82938

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