An inference paradigm for extracting neuronal correlations from two-photon imaging data, without requiring intermediate spike deconvolution, provides significant performance gains over existing methods as demonstrated by theoretical analysis, simulation studies, and real-data applications.

Improved two-photon fluorescence microendoscopy enables volumetric imaging of synapses and neurons in deep brain structures in vivo.

Aberration correction using 3D microprinting in ultrathin microendoscopes allows two-photon imaging of large neuronal networks with homogeneously high spatial resolution and minimal invasiveness in the deep mouse brain.

Establishment of two-photon imaging with a 1100-nm laser, which underfills the objective's back aperture, detects activity of multiple neurons in the prelimbic area and hippocampal CA1 region of the intact mouse brain.

Open-top Bessel beam two-photon light sheet microscopy have the potential for rapid and accurate nondestructive pathology by visualizing 3D histological information.

A combination of multicellular recording and optogenetic photostimulation was used to deeply characterize the spatial profiles and effective strengths of intralaminar and translaminar synaptic connections from genetically defined neuronal populations in the visual cortex of adult mouse.

The noninvasive visualization of dermal M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes is shown for the first time in vivo.

An all-optical 3D two-photon imaging and photostimulation platform was demonstrated, with the capability to precisely stimulate a large group of cells in mice cortex in vivo with low laser power.

Two-photon imaging reveals super-sparse responses to natural images in primate V1, which carry sufficient information for discrimination of the input natural images with high accuracy.

Quantitative experiments and analysis determine the limit of excitation power of 1300-nm three-photon microscopy, and the imaging depth where three-photon outperforms two-photon for calcium imaging in the mouse brain.