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Nervous necrosis virus typically enters host cells via endocytosis, but it can also enter via a process called macropinocytosis.

Genetic variation in an immune peptide is maintained by multiple selective forces including an interplay between systemic immunity, sex, and the microbiome.

A protein called PriC allows DNA replication to proceed in Escherichia coli when the complex that usually initiates this process is compromised.

An upstream open-reading frame in Escherichia coli regulates expression of the downstream genes in response to diverse translation stresses.

PriC provides a bypass mechanism for compromised helicase loading at the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome, which ensures the robustness of the chromosome replication initiation.