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Secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus monitor behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.

Embryonic birthdate is a crucial determinant of heterogeneity among CA1 principal neurons, which include a previously overlooked subpopulation of pioneer neurons.

Activity levels in anterior and posterior cholinergic basal forebrain neurons are associated with distinct aspects of global brain state, sensory salience, reward expectation, and aversive reinforcement learning.

Amygdala input to ventral hippocampus is both excitatory and inhibitory, and the balance of these two projections controls the formation of place preference via differential innervation of each hippocampal output population.

A novel process by which counter-regulatory glucagon release is regulated in both mouse and human.

In vivo calcium imaging reveals that prior to visual experience, inhibitory spontaneous activity in the developing visual cortex is highly modular and participates in large-scale correlated networks that are co-aligned to excitatory activity.

Interactions between near but distinct (<1 mm) structures such as cortical layers in the rodent brain can be studied by a new micro-optical tool that is low-cost and capable of multilayer optical recordings, optogenetic stimulations, or both.

Pulse generation is an emergent property of the arcuate kisspeptin network that is regulated throughout the ovarian cycle via coordinated changes in neuronal communication and basal activation.

Lactate is preferred to glucose as an energy substrate and exacerbates spiking activity in most neuron types of juvenile somatosensory cortex by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Genetic and imaging analysis reveal that microglial precursors use ocular blood vessels as a pathway to enter the optic cup and subsequently infiltrate the retina preferentially through the neurogenic region.