Glutamatergic signaling from the lateral hypothalamus instructs lateral habenular neurons for encoding aversive external stimuli to subsequently guide escape behaviours.

Discrepancies between functional responses measured with electrophysiology and calcium imaging can be largely reconciled by considering the spike-to-calcium transfer function, neuronal sampling bias, and cluster merging artifacts during spike sorting.

Parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons in the cortex have insulating myelin sheathes, despite forming only short-range connections.

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons controlling fertility exhibit abrupt increases in activity to generate luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses and a sustained oscillatory pattern of activity to generate the LH surge.

Long intergenic noncoding RNA molecules (lincRNAs) are shown to have critical roles in mammalian development and physiology in vivo.

A robot capable of automatically obtaining blind whole cell patch clamp recordings from multiple neurons simultaneously guides four interacting electrodes in a coordinated fashion, avoiding mechanical coupling in the brain.

A properly designed two-photon fluorescence microscope allows high-resolution visualization of neurons and capillaries in healthy and diseased mouse retinas in vivo, while to visualize subcellular structures, adaptive optics is required to correct the eye-induced optical aberrations.

The monitoring of ATP dynamics in living plants using fluorescent protein biosensor provides evidence for the complex relationship between cellular energy status and growth.

Fast fluctuations of oxygen, linked to behavioral and neural dynamics in vivo, cause phasic transients is amperometry-measured cholinergic signals via the mechanism of non-steady-state enzyme kinetics in the choline-oxidase-based biosensor.

Sleep and wake states are not sufficient to drive changes in neocortical synaptic strengths.