Neuronal activity in the striatum keeps track of elapsed time during the time production task while that in the cerebellum correlates with stochastic variation of self-timing in the range of several hundreds of milliseconds.
Direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia have opposing effects not only on action performance but also on internal timing of expected reward delivery.
Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that emerge at puberty trigger adolescent synaptic pruning; pruning is prevented and cognition is impaired if the receptors are absent.
The molecular mechanisms beyond the bidirectionality (tTLP and tLTD) of endocanabinoid spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity have been identified.
A genetic pathway involved in development works together with the sex-determination pathway to control the timing of sexually dimorphic neural development in C. elegans.