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Biochemical analysis reveals the entire route of oligosaccharide processing from M9 to M8B and then to oligosaccharides exposing the α1,6-linked mannosyl residue (M7A, M6, and M5), and the enzymes (EDEM2 and EDEM3/1) responsible for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of misfolded glycoproteins.

The coordinate activity of Sec17/SNAP and Sec18/NSF for membrane fusion is not limited to systems with homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS), the lysosomal/vacuolar tethering, and SNARE assembly complex.

All-trans retinoic acid increases the number of excitatory synapses in the dorsal hippocampus of mice and improves the ability of neurons to express synaptopodin-dependent synaptic plasticity.

To facilitate human developmental biology research, CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination, tightly inducible gene knockdowns (CRISPRi) and overexpression (CRISPRa) have been efficiently applied to human organoids.

Striatal cholinergic interneurons and astrocytes lose cilia and show dysregulation of Hedgehog signaling in mice with a Parkinson's disease-associated, G2019S LRRK2 mutation or upon loss of PPM1H phosphatase specific for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab GTPases.

HGF-MET signaling phosphorylates- and PTPRK dephosphorylates ZNRF3 to regulate ZNRF3 internalization, functioning as a rheostat for Wnt signaling.

COVID-19 severity, rather than sex or age, predicts SARS-CoV-2 kinetics, and SARS-CoV-2 viral load from lower respiratory tract specimens may predict severe disease days before clinical deterioration for COVID-19 patients.

Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal that two stem-cell-specific microRNAs control stem cell fate decisions between pluripotency and differentiation through repressing Ago2, a key component of the microRNA machinery.

In a rural, low-income setting in Bangladesh, early-life telomere length was associated with concurrent growth.

Dinucleases, specialized enzymes that catalyze the final step in RNA degradation, have evolved independently and repeatedly to fulfill essential roles in cell growth.