A 2-year field study has demonstrated that volatile compounds produced by plants when they are attacked by herbivores act as defenses by attracting predators to the herbivores and increasing the reproduction of the plants.

Both the frequency of sesquiterpene-emitting individuals and the defense capacity of individual plants determine the consequences of sesquiterpene volatile emission for individuals and their neighbors in populations of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata.

A chewing herbivore induced WRKY transcription factor induces jasmonate-dependent defences and supresses gibbererellin-dependent growth, the latter of which renders rice plants more susceptible to secondary infestation by a piercing-sucking herbivore.

Direct- and indirect pathway neurons of the posterior striatum display divergent in vivo and ex vivo plasticity after fear learning, and differentially modulate defensive behaviors displayed in the presence, and absence of threat-predicting sensory cues.

Humans intranasally administered the neuropeptide oxytocin waste less and earn more spoils during intergroup conflict because oxytocin enables group members to better coordinate strategic attacking of out-groups.

A phase transition of TIR-1/SARM1 induced by either pathogen or non-pathogen stress potentiates its intrinsic NADase activity, which activates the p38 PMK-1 signaling cascade to induce protective immune defenses in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelial cells.

The ability of Manduca moths to recognize changes in the profile of volatile compounds released by plants being attacked by Manduca caterpillars allows them to lay their eggs on plants that are less likely to be attacked by insects and other predators, and to avoid competing against other caterpillars of the same species for resources.

Direct and indirect pathway neurons in posterior dorsomedial striatum were found to play distinct roles, with the former necessary for encoding and the latter for updating goal-directed learning.

Real-time volatile emission kinetics reveal stress volatiles emitted from herbivore-damaged plants can sequentially prime and induce defense responses in undamaged plants following distinct temporal patterns.