Artificial selection on wing color and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the optix gene both alter scale lamina thickness in Junonia coenia, which shifts structural color wavelength and mimics macroevolutionary butterfly diversity.

The full-likelihood multispecies coalescent approach is useful for studying species groups with high rates of introgression from whole-genome sequence data.

CRISPR knock-outs and functional genomic approaches probe the regulatory mechanism restricting the Hox gene Ubx to butterfly hindwings, explaining color pattern differentiation from forewings.

A gradual, step-wise, physiological/molecular response of eyespot size to temperature is a likely adaptation to seasonal variation experienced in the habitat of Bicyclusanynana butterflies.

Wing transparency in mimetic butterflies and moths is achieved by an unexpected diversity of structural features, and both structures and light transmission properties of wings are under selection for convergence.

The evolution of a butterfly mimetic phenotype is driven by modular cis-regulstory switches controlling a ‘hotspot’ gene.

Genetic barriers to gene flow maintain divergent linked substitution rates in hybridization.

The efficacy of eyespots in deterring avian predators is more due to their conspicuousness rather than their resemblance to eyes.

A complex colour polymorphism which links colour with behavioural and life-history traits is associated with a single gene duplication in male wood tiger moths.

The central complex, a highly conserved insect brain region important for navigation, is characterized by a high degree of recurrence and a sparseness of output pathways.