The synthesis capability of some amino acids is lost during the insect evolution, and hymenopteran parasitoids can make up for these deficiencies by altering free amino acid concentrations in host.

Coordinated actions of two opposite flagella control speed and change direction of plant pathogen Phytophthora zoospores, in which the anterior flagellum is the main motor to generate thrust and spontaneously switch from reciprocal beating to breaststrokes to reorient its body.

Parasitic lineages of Rozellomycota are shaped by repeated and independent gene losses.

The parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae has evolved both molecular adaptions (venom proteins and teratocytes) and ecological strategies (tolerance of intraspecific and avoidance of interspecific competition) to successfully parasitize Drosophila suzukii.

Codon optimization through biased synonymous substitutions is a characteristic feature of the genomes of generalist fungal parasites and is associated with the colonization of multiple hosts.

Analysis of chromerid algal genomes reveals how apicomplexans have evolved from free-living algae into successful eukaryotic parasites via massive losses and re-inventing functional roles of genes.

Temperature, the presence of an enemy species and the density of the mutualistic partner species interact to determine the expression of a protective mutualism.

Sixteen new mermithid nematodes associated with their insect hosts are discovered from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber and they are more abundant in non-holometabolous insect hosts, revealing what appears to be a vanished history of nematodes parasitism.

Impact of odor experience on myeloid metabolism and immunity.

The switch from ubiquinone to rhodoquinone synthesis that is required for parasitic helminths to survive in anaerobic host tissues is due to alternative splicing of polyprenyltransferase COQ-2.