Spatial numerical association in three-day-old domestic chicks linearly decreases as numerical magnitude increases (2>5>8), supporting the hypothesis that numerical magnitude guides the spatial numerical association.

Archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix) can encode an abstract concept of number in relative numerousness judgements, without the influence of any continuous physical variables, including spatial frequency.

First experimental studies on the ion atmosphere around a nucleosome provide a quantitative analysis of the molecule's electrostatic properties.

Learning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was achieved by fundamentally different cognitive and neural mechanisms from typically developing children, and insistence on sameness, a core symptom of ASD, contributed to such atypical mechanisms of learning in affected children.

An actin-based Brownian Ratchet enables branched actin networks to generate pushing forces, while a capping protein-based Brownian Ratchet provides force feedback that enables these networks to adapt their architecture in response to changing loads.

Humans spontaneously reverse learned associations while macaque monkeys do not, providing a minimal test of a distinctive human capacity for symbolic representations.

Two cooperative populations of yeast cells that cannot distinguish between cooperative partners and cheating intruders can still self-organize into clusters that exclude cheaters.

The intermediate region of the hippocampus is critical for strategic goal-directed navigation to the higher-value location, whereas the dorsal hippocampus implements the precise targeting of the goal location.

To study odor-guided navigation of small animals such as worms and fly larvae, a novel flow chamber and odor sensor array are presented that better characterize the odors that the animal experiences.

In contrast to amniotes, zebrafish (ray-finned fish, teleost) centra are formed from specialised notochord sheath cells, and the segmental patterning of these cells is independent of the segmentation clock.