The crystal structure of bacterial RNA polymerase bound to the transcription bubble reveals key features that support the formation of a double-strand/single-strand DNA junction at the upstream edge of the −10 element where bubble formation initiates.

The Drosophila equivalent of Substance P signaling modulates nociceptive sensitization by regulating Hedgehog signaling within nociceptive sensory neurons.

The crystal structure of Thermus transcription activation complexes containing the transcriptional activator CarD reveals a new mechanism for the activation of transcription.

Mammalian sperm subject to shear flow swim in upstream spirals along the walls bounding such flows, thereby demonstrating a robust mechanism for upstream navigation to the ovum.

The regulatory role of thousands of upstream open-reading frames were measured and used to determine the relative influences of sequence, structural, and positional features on translation regulation and nonsense-mediated decay.

Without ribosome recycling factor, ribosomes in Escherichia coli accumulate in 3'-UTRs and queue upstream of stop codons, but no effects were observed on the translational coupling of neighboring genes.

A tumor-specific regulatory region has been identified upstream of the Myc oncogene.

Thousands of novel open-reading frames (ORFs) are translated in the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including many short ORFs that are likely to contribute to cell fitness.

A model reveals how translation of an mRNA leader could provide resistance to global downregulation of translation.

Most of the mRNAs whose translation is resistant to the stress-induced repression of protein synthesis contain upstream open reading frames that are efficiently translated under normal conditions.