The crystal structure of bacterial RNA polymerase bound to the transcription bubble reveals key features that support the formation of a double-strand/single-strand DNA junction at the upstream edge of the −10 element where bubble formation initiates.

The Drosophila equivalent of Substance P signaling modulates nociceptive sensitization by regulating Hedgehog signaling within nociceptive sensory neurons.

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) function as regulatory elements that buffer translation variability, stabilizing protein expression across animal developmental stages and evolutionary timescales.

The crystal structure of Thermus transcription activation complexes containing the transcriptional activator CarD reveals a new mechanism for the activation of transcription.

Mammalian sperm subject to shear flow swim in upstream spirals along the walls bounding such flows, thereby demonstrating a robust mechanism for upstream navigation to the ovum.

The regulatory role of thousands of upstream open-reading frames were measured and used to determine the relative influences of sequence, structural, and positional features on translation regulation and nonsense-mediated decay.

Without ribosome recycling factor, ribosomes in Escherichia coli accumulate in 3'-UTRs and queue upstream of stop codons, but no effects were observed on the translational coupling of neighboring genes.

A tumor-specific regulatory region has been identified upstream of the Myc oncogene.

An upstream open-reading frame in Escherichia coli regulates expression of the downstream genes in response to diverse translation stresses.

Thousands of novel open-reading frames (ORFs) are translated in the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including many short ORFs that are likely to contribute to cell fitness.