Punishment insensitive individuals are not more impulsive or anxious, they dislike aversive outcomes and predictors of these outcomes, but are simply less likely to learn their control over them.

A new model is presented to simultaneously study the latent cognitive processes underlying decision making and instrumental learning.

Decoding of neural outcome and response representations allows dissecting goal-directed and habitual contributions to behaviour and reveals how acute stress biases the instrumental control of behaviour.

Motivational coupling of action to reward and inhibition to punishment is subserved by dissociable learning and choice processes, and is modulated by dopamine/noradrenaline transporter blockade.

Leveraging time-varying and tissue-dependent genetic instruments into Mendelian randomization studies may help develop insight over more conventional applications.

Reward-related cues elicit phasic changes in activity in ventral pallidum neurons, which predict and functionally contribute to the speed of behaviors trained on the basis of act-outcome, but not stimulus-outcome, contingencies.

Dopaminergic medication dissociates contingent motivation from reward expectation effects on invigoration of movements in PD patients, confirming they are separate processes with different dopaminergic functions.

A novel Mendelian randomisation framework unravels one gene expression component, correlated with proliferation and genome stability-related features, associated with telomere length in lung adenocarcinoma tumours, which provides insights into how telomere length influences the genetic basis of lung cancer aetiology.

Mendelian randomization suggests the possibility that the observational effects of obesity and related metabolic traits in head and neck cancer risk are overestimated.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfraction traits appear to have heterogeneous effects on coronary artery disease, giving support to the HDL function hypothesis.