The new whale shark genome assembly represents the best gapless chondrichthyan genome assembly yet, and comparative genomic analyses provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate genome origins, immunity, and gigantism.

A pattern recognition receptor called toll-like receptor 13 detects pathogens in a manner that is different to that seen in other pathogen sensors.

Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by innate immune sensor TLR2 leads to the induction of inflammatory mediators and constitutes a mechanism for cytokine storm during COVID-19.

A transmembrane protein uses distinct mechanisms to regulate the movement of specific toll-like receptors-key immune system components involved in detecting pathogens-to their final locations inside cells.

Sialoside-based pattern recognition by Siglecs directly regulates toll-like receptor signaling and a sialidase inhibitor protects against endotoxemia.

The response to TLR4 ligands in mice and humans is modulated by TLR5, which participates in the TLR4 signaling complex.

Determining that microbiota-deficient mice have increased visceral pain, which can be reversed by restoring microbiota, may lead to novel microbial-based strategies for disorders associated with visceral pain.

Microbial-sensing TLRs drive responses to the microbiota, while nucleic-acid sensing TLRs control responses to endogenous ligands, revealing novel regulation of B-1a responses through integrated BCR/TLR mediated activation.

Novel post-translational modification of pattern recognition receptor TLR2 has consequences in bacterial infection and inflammatory signaling.

Cell and animal-based models revealed the new function of TLR2 andcarboxyethylpyrrole as an endogenous TLR2 ligand in the hair follicle cycle in homeostasis and hair follicle regeneration in injury.