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A large-scale experiment demonstrates sex differences in cooperation and competition that can explain group size variation in ostriches.

The regional stability across distant local communities is related to the stability of and asynchronous dynamics among local communities, which are strongly impacted by population dynamics of a few abundant species and relative weakly by species diversity.

Experimental manipulations of social groups of ostriches show that the benefits of cooperative parental care for females, and the costs of sexual competition for males, lead to sex differences in optimal group sizes.

Mountain gorillas, who live in close-knit social groups with siblings and non-siblings of both sexes throughout their lives, show distinct behavioral biases towards maternal versus paternal kin.

Unlike humans and starlings which use memories of both absolute and relative information to decide between options in novel contexts, bumblebees rely only on the remembered ordinal ranking of options.

Outgroup conflict can negatively impact general reproductive behaviour, egg investment, and parental care, resulting in decreased reproductive output even in the absence of physical confrontations.

Effects of dietary lipids on organismal function and reproductive fitness are persistent and may depend on lipid identity, cause the evolution of lipid-based diet choice, alter food webs, change species responses to environmental change, and affect human nutrition.

Visualizations, simulations, and examples are used to provide an accessible synthesis of the reasoning and assumptions behind commonly used causal discovery approaches.

Increased root exudation rate under combined drought and bacterial inoculation and bacterial growth stimulation by specific exudation metabolites support the idea of root recruitment of beneficial bacteria, especially under water stress.

Fruit consumption of Jeholornis was evidenced and indicates seed dispersal was present from early in avian radiation.