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The endoplasmic reticulum serves as a direct and primary source of calcium ions for the lysosome.

Gap junctions exist in Kenyon cells and Kenyon cell-mushroom body output neuron neural networks, and are also critical in visual learning and memory in Drosophila.

While the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex learn about threats through verbal warnings, the amygdala learns only from direct experience, suggesting that the amygdala forms part of a specialized threat detection system.

Fruit flies can taste and avoid food contaminated with a bacterial toxin using the same channel protein that functions in humans as sensor of noxious chemical stimuli.

Active expiration in anesthetized rats is driven by the lateral parafacial region, but requires an additional form of excitation from another source.

Understanding others' pain is grounded in cognitive rather than sensory faculties.

Vanilloid sensitivity has been introduced into the TRPV2 channel, revealing that the gating and permeation properties of this enigmatic TRP channel are remarkably similar to the capsaicin receptor.

PAK1 regulates inhibitory synaptic transmission in mice through a cyclooxygenase-2 dependent restriction in tonic, but not phasic, secretion of endocannabinoids.

Optogenetic tools enable sophisticated measurements of a voltage-gated sodium channel implicated in pain, as well as high-throughput screening of candidate channel blockers.

The discovery of somatostatin-positive inhibitory neurons projecting from mouse cortex to striatum shows that corticostriatal pathways are not exclusively excitatory.