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Extensive mass spectrometry-based profiling of polar metabolites within synaptic vesicles that are rapidly isolated either from cultured mouse neurons or directly from mouse brains reveals their neurotransmitter composition.

The optogenetic manipulation of hippocampal neuronal circuit activity revealed plastic changes of pyramidal-interneuron connections in behaving animals, which were primarily governed by the firing rate change of postsynaptic interneurons.

Genetic analyses using the fruit fly illustrate how neuronal system couples germline stem cell increase to an external cue, which is mating, through stem cell niche signaling.

The dual control of adiposity and longevity emerges from a latent intestinal feedback loop which simultaneously augments fat loss and shields lifespan from the deleterious effects of continuous fat oxidation.

Cannabinoid receptors modulate cerebellar learning, not through direct effects on synaptic plasticity, but as a secondary consequence of their modulation of behavioral state.

Host-microbe interactions are an important influence on changing disease burdens in vulnerable remote communities.

Editors' Summary: This Replication Study did not reproduce those experiments in the original paper that it attempted to reproduce.

Precise spatiotemporal optogenetic activation of ERK and AKT signaling pathways reveals neural repair mechanisms of the peripheral and central nervous systems in live Drosophila larvae.

DNA uptake and recombination in pneumococcus are highly efficient and independent of the cell-cycle or genetic location of the transformed allele, but limited to maximally 50% of the population.

Apelin signaling promotes sprouting behavior of endothelial cells by modulating their metabolic state.