The tumor suppressor p53 prevents tumor cell growth by employing a small RNA called miR-139-5p to inhibit the activity of an tumorigenic protein, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D.

Snake venom phosphodiesterase (svPDE), one of the critical venom components, is co-opted from the ancestral ENPP3 gene that makes membrane-anchored ENPP3 into secretory svPDE by using an alternative 5' exon.

Neuropilin integrates with Hedgehog signal transduction by a newly identified transducer to control cerebellar neurogenesis and medulloblastoma.

The enzyme phosphodiesterase 2A2 localises at the mitochondrial membrane and its inhibition results in a local increase in cAMP concentration, mitochondrial elongation and resistance to apoptosis.

β₃-AR signalling via cGMP in cardiomyocytes is regulated via phosphodiesterase 2 and 5 degradation, it is potentially cardioprotective, but dysregulated in heart failure through signal redistribution and higher phosphodiesterase activity.

In a stress-specific manner, Mycobacterium tuberculosis PhoP regulates Rv0805 phosphodiesterase expression to control cAMP level and contributes to intracellular survival of the bacilli.

SIRT1, a cellular metabolic sensor, transcriptionally promotes sphingomyelin degradation in embryonic stem cells, which in turn modulates their membrane fluidity and neural differentiation.

The ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP, produced by Rv3645/MacE, controls long-chain fatty acid metabolism and intrinsic multidrug resistance in M. tuberculosis.

Endogenous double-stranded RNA is generated in human cells and leads to RNase L activation and consequent cell death unless neutralized by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1).