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Multimodal signals may evolve from unimodal one via co-option of primary signal components and associated cues that serve as by-products.

The anterior insula cortex is a critical neural substrate of context-induced relapse of nicotine-seeking.

Orthologous proteins display different mutational robustness that can be leveraged to improve prediction of functional sequences.

The hypothalamic parasubthalamic nucleus can be subdivided into two distinct populations, one of which decreases food consumption and is necessary for the full appetite-suppressing effects of anorexigenic hormones.

The transcriptomes of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of human juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia patients and a zebrafish model for Noonan syndrome reveal a common inflammatory response, which may have a causal role in associated myeloproliferative neoplasm.

The HIV proteins Env and Rev encode helices that overlap in the viral genome but alternate in functional importance so that the non-functional surface of one helix encodes the functional surface of the other.

PTPN22 function is regulated by reactive oxygen species, and redox regulation of PTPN22 impacts T-cell-dependent autoimmune inflammation.

Brucella facilitates its intracellular parasitism by hijacking the host-regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD)-BLOS1 innate immune defense system through the disassembly of the BLOC-1-related complex that results in the perinuclear trafficking of Brucella-containing vacuoles and enhanced susceptibility to infection.

A tissue-wide fluoresence-based screen reveals that not all tissues in an organism (Drosophila) reinforce a hierarchy of codon usage to the same extent, a finding which impacts tissue-specific protein expression and function.

The Ryanodine receptor type 1 calcium channels play a critical role in age-related muscle function loss.